Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Acronyms xix Notes on Editors and Contributors xxix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Modern Approaches to Radio Network Modelling and Planning 3Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami 1.1 Historical aspects of radio network planning 3 1.2 Importance and limitations of modelling approaches 5 1.3 Manual versus automated planning 7 References 9 2 Introduction to the UTRA FDD Radio Interface 11Peter Gould 2.1 Introduction to CDMA-based networks 11 2.2 The UTRA FDD air interface 15 2.2.1 Spreading codes 15 2.2.2 Common physical channels 20 2.2.3 Dedicated physical channels 27 2.3 UTRA FDD key mechanisms 29 2.3.1 Cell breathing and soft capacity 29 2.3.2 Interference and power control 31 2.3.3 Soft handover and compressed mode 32 2.4 Parameters that require planning 34 2.4.1 Signal path parameters 34 2.4.2 Power allocation 35 2.4.3 System settings 35 References 35 3 Spectrum and Service Aspects 37Maciej J. Grzybkowski, Ziemowit Neyman and Marcin Ney 3.1 Spectrum aspects 37 3.1.1 Spectrum requirements for UMTS 38 3.1.2 Spectrum identified for UMTS 39 3.1.3 Frequency arrangements for the UMTS terrestrial component 39 3.1.4 Operator spectrum demands 45 3.2 Service features and characteristics 46 References 52 4 Trends for the Near Future 55Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Systems yet to be deployed 56 4.2.1 UTRA TDD 56 4.2.2 TD-SCDMA 57 4.2.3 Satellite segment 58 4.3 Enhanced coverage 60 4.3.1 Ultra High Sites (UHS) 61 4.3.2 High Altitude Platform System (HAPS) 61 4.4 Enhanced capacity 61 4.4.1 Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS) 61 4.4.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 62 4.4.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 63 4.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) 64 4.5 Heterogeneous approaches 64 4.5.1 Wireless LANs 64 4.5.2 Wireless MANs (WiMAX) 65 4.6 Concluding Remarks 65 References 65 PART II MODELLING 67 5 Propagation Modelling 69Kamil Staniec, Maciej J. Grzybkowski and Karsten Erlebach 5.1 Radio channels in wideband CDMA systems 69 5.1.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation 69 5.1.2 Wideband radio channel characterisation 73 5.1.3 Introduction to deterministic methods in modelling WCDMA systems 75 5.1.4 Deterministic methods: comparison of performance 79 5.2 Application of empirical and deterministic models in picocell planning 80 5.2.1 Techniques for indoor modelling 80 5.2.2 Techniques for outdoor-to-indoor modelling 82 5.3 Application of empirical and deterministic models in microcell planning 84 5.3.1 COST 231 Walfisch–Ikegami model 85 5.3.2 Manhattan model 87 5.3.3 Other microcellular propagation models 88 5.4 Application of empirical and deterministic models in macrocell planning 90 5.4.1 Modified Hata 90 5.4.2 Other models 91 5.5 Propagation models of interfering signals 94 5.5.1 ITU-R 1546 model 94 5.5.2 ITU-R 452 model 100 5.5.3 Statistics in the Modified Hata model 104 5.6 Radio propagation model calibration 105 5.6.1 Tuning algorithms 106 5.6.2 Single and multiple slope approaches 108 Appendix: Calculation of inverse complementary cumulative normal distribution function 110 References 111 6 Theoretical Models for UMTS Radio Networks 115Hans-Florian Geerdes, Andreas Eisenblätter, Piotr M. S³obodzian, Mikio Iwamura, Mischa Dohler, Rafa³ Zdunek, Peter Gould and Maciej J. Nawrocki 6.1 Antenna modelling 115 6.1.1 Mobile terminal antenna modelling 117 6.1.2 Base station antenna modelling 118 6.2 Link level model 122 6.2.1 Relation to other models 123 6.2.2 Link level simulation chain 124 6.2.3 Link level receiver components 126 6.2.4 Link level receiver detectors 128 6.3 Capacity considerations 134 6.3.1 Capacity of a single cell system 134 6.3.2 Downlink power-limited capacity 134 6.3.3 Uplink power-limited capacity 137 6.4 Static system level model 139 6.4.1 Link level aspects 140 6.4.2 Propagation data 141 6.4.3 Equipment modelling 142 6.4.4 Transmit powers and power control 144 6.4.5 Services and user-specific properties 146 6.4.6 Soft handover 147 6.4.7 Complete model 148 6.4.8 Applications of a static system-level network model 149 6.4.9 Power control at cell level 152 6.4.10 Equation system solving 157 6.5 Dynamic system level model 161 6.5.1 Similarities and differences between static and dynamic models 161 6.5.2 Generic system model 162 6.5.3 Input/output parameters 164 6.5.4 Mobility models 164 6.5.5 Traffic models 165 6.5.6 Path loss models 167 6.5.7 Shadowing models 168 6.5.8 Modelling of small scale fading 169 6.5.9 SIR calculation 170 References 172 7 Business Modelling Goals and Methods 177Marcin Ney 7.1 Business modelling goals 177 7.1.1 New business planning 177 7.1.2 Infrastructure development 178 7.1.3 Budgeting 179 7.2 Business modelling methods 179 7.2.1 Trends and statistical approach 180 7.2.2 Benchmarking and drivers 181 7.2.3 Detailed quantitative models 181 7.2.4 Other non-quantitative methods 182 References 183 PART III PLANNING 185 8 Fundamentals of Business Planning for Mobile Networks 187Marcin Ney 8.1 Process description 187 8.1.1 Market analysis and forecasting 187 8.1.2 Modelling the system 189 8.1.3 Financial issues 190 8.1.4 Recommendations 190 8.2 Technical investment calculation 191 8.2.1 CAPEX calculation methods 191 8.2.2 OPEX calculation methods 196 8.2.3 The role of drivers: Sanity checking 197 8.3 Revenue and non-technical related investment calculation 198 8.3.1 Input parameters and assumptions 198 8.3.2 Revenue calculation methods 199 8.3.3 Non-technical related investments 199 8.4 Business planning results 199 8.4.1 Business plan output parameters 200 8.4.2 Business plan assessment methods 200 References 201 9 Fundamentals of Network Characteristics 203Maciej J. Nawrocki 9.1 Power characteristics estimation 203 9.1.1 Distance to home base station dependency 203 9.1.2 Traffic load dependency 207 9.2 Network capacity considerations 210 9.2.1 Irregular base station distribution grid 210 9.2.2 Improper antenna azimuth arrangement 212 9.3 Required minimum network size for calculations 214 References 218 10 Fundamentals of Practical Radio Access Network Design 219Ziemowit Neyman and Mischa Dohler 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Input parameters 222 10.2.1 Base station classification 222 10.2.2 Hardware parameters 222 10.2.3 Environmental specifics 229 10.2.4 Technology essentials 231 10.3 Network dimensioning 238 10.3.1 Coverage versus capacity 238 10.3.2 Cell coverage 239 10.3.3 Cell Erlang capacity 249 10.4 Detailed network planning 251 10.4.1 Site-to-site distance and antenna height 252 10.4.2 Site location 254 10.4.3 Sectorisation 256 10.4.4 Antenna and sector direction 259 10.4.5 Electrical and mechanical tilt 260 10.4.6 Temporal aspects in HCS 263 References 268 11 Compatibility of UMTS Systems 271Maciej J. Grzybkowski 11.1 Scenarios of interference 272 11.1.1 Interference between UMTS and other systems 272 11.1.2 Intra-system interference 274 11.2 Approaches to compatibility calculations 275 11.2.1 Principles of compatibility calculations 275 11.2.2 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method 280 11.2.3 Monte Carlo (MC) method 283 11.2.4 Propagation models for compatibility calculations 284 11.2.5 Characteristics of UTRA stations for the compatibility calculations 286 11.3 Internal electromagnetic compatibility 286 11.4 External electromagnetic compatibility 292 11.4.1 UMTS TDD versus DECT WLL 292 11.4.2 Compatibility between UMTS and Radio Astronomy Service 294 11.4.3 Compatibility between UMTS and MMDS 295 11.5 International cross-border coordination 296 11.5.1 Principles of coordination 296 11.5.2 Propagation models for coordination calculations 297 11.5.3 Application of preferential frequencies 298 11.5.4 Use of preferential codes 300 11.5.5 Examples of coordination agreements 301 References 305 12 Network Design – Specialised Aspects 309Marcin Ney, Peter Gould and Karsten Erlebach 12.1 Network infrastructure sharing 309 12.1.1 Network sharing methods 309 12.1.2 Legal aspects 313 12.1.3 Drivers for sharing 314 12.2 Adjacent channel interference control 315 12.3 Fundamentals of Ultra High Site deployment 318 References 320 PART IV OPTIMISATION 321 13 Introduction to Optimisation of the UMTS Radio Network 323Roni Abiri and Maciej J. Nawrocki 13.1 Automation of radio network optimisation 324 13.2 What should be optimised and why? 325 13.3 How do we benchmark the optimisation results? 326 13.3.1 Location based information 327 13.3.2 Sectors and network statistical data 328 13.3.3 Cost and optimisation efforts 330 References 331 14 Theory of Automated Network Optimisation 333Alexander Gerdenitsch, Andreas Eisenblätter, Hans-Florian Geerdes, Roni Abiri, Michael Livschitz, Ziemowit Neyman and Maciej J. Nawrocki 14.1 Introduction 333 14.1.1 From practice to optimisation models 334 14.1.2 Optimisation techniques 335 14.2 Optimisation parameters for static models 339 14.2.1 Site location and configuration 340 14.2.2 Antenna related parameter 340 14.2.3 CPICH power 344 14.3 Optimisation targets and objective function 345 14.3.1 Coverage 345 14.3.2 Capacity 346 14.3.3 Soft handover areas and pilot pollution 347 14.3.4 Cost of implementation 348 14.3.5 Combination and further possibilities 348 14.3.6 Additional practical and technical constraints 348 14.3.7 Example of objective function properties 349 14.4 Network optimisation with evolutionary algorithms 354 14.4.1 Genetic algorithms 355 14.4.2 Evolution strategies 357 14.4.3 Practical implementation of GA for tilt and CPICH 361 14.5 Optimisation without simulation 366 14.5.1 Geometry-based configuration methods 366 14.5.2 Coverage-driven approaches 368 14.5.3 Advanced models 369 14.5.4 Expected coupling matrices 372 14.6 Comparison and suitability of algorithms 373 14.6.1 General strategies 374 14.6.2 Discussion of methods 374 14.6.3 Combination of methods 375 References 375 15 Automatic Network Design 379Roni Abiri, Ziemowit Neyman, Andreas Eisenblätter and Hans-Florian Geerdes 15.1 The key challenges in UMTS network optimisation 379 15.1.1 Problem definition 379 15.1.2 Matching UMTS coverage to GSM 380 15.1.3 Supporting high bit rate data services 381 15.1.4 Handling dual technology networks 382 15.2 Engineering case studies for network optimisation 382 15.2.1 Example network description 383 15.2.2 Pre-launched (unloaded) network optimisation 383 15.2.3 Loaded network optimisation 389 15.3 Case study: optimising base station location and parameters 395 15.3.1 Data setting 396 15.3.2 Optimisation approach 397 15.3.3 Results 399 15.3.4 Conclusions 402 References 403 16 Auto-tuning of RRM Parameters in UMTS Networks 405Zwi Altman, Hervé Dubreil, Ridha Nasri, Ouassim Ben Amor, Jean-Marc Picard, Vincent Diascorn and Maurice Clerc 16.1 Introduction 405 16.2 Radio resource management for controlling network quality 406 16.3 Auto-tuning of RRM parameters 408 16.3.1 Parameter selection for auto-tuning 408 16.3.2 Target selection for auto-tuning 410 16.3.3 Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) 410 16.3.4 Case study: Auto-tuning of macrodiversity 412 16.4 Optimisation strategies of the auto-tuning process 415 16.4.1 Off-line optimisation using Particle Swarm approach 416 16.4.2 On-line optimisation using reinforcement learning 421 16.5 Conclusions 425 Acknowledgement 425 References 425 17 UTRAN Transmission Infrastructure Planning and Optimisation 427Karsten Erlebach, Zbigniew Jóskiewicz and Marcin Ney 17.1 Introduction 427 17.1.1 Short UTRAN overview 428 17.1.2 Requirements for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 428 17.2 Protocol solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 430 17.2.1 Main considerations for ATM layer protocols in current 3G networks 430 17.2.2 MPLS-architecture for future 3G transmissions 443 17.2.3 The path to direct IP transmission networking 444 17.3 End-to-end transmission dimensioning approach 446 17.3.1 Dimensioning of Node B throughput 446 17.3.2 Traffic dimensioning of the ATM network 451 17.3.3 Traffic dimensioning of the IP-Network 452 17.4 Network solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 456 17.4.1 Leased lines 456 17.4.2 Point-to-point systems 457 17.4.3 Point-to-multipoint systems – LMDS 460 17.4.4 WiMAX as a potential UTRAN backhaul solution 468 17.5 Efficient use of WiMAX in UTRAN 472 17.5.1 Dimensioning of WiMAX for UTRAN infrastructure 472 17.5.2 Current WiMAX limitations 473 17.6 Cost-effective radio solution for UTRAN infrastructure 474 17.6.1 RF planning aspects 474 17.6.2 Throughput dimensioning 475 17.6.3 Methods of finding optimal LMDS network configurations 476 17.6.4 Costs evaluation of UTRAN infrastructure – software example 485 17.6.5 Example calculations and comparison of results 487 References 493 Concluding Remarks 497 Index 501

Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimisation: Theory and Practice sets out to provide the theoretical foundations that will enable radio network planners to plan, model and radio networks using state-of-the-art findings from around the globe. Adopting a logical approach, it begins with the background to the present status of UMTS radio network technology, before devoting equal coverage to planning, modelling and optimisation issues. A broad-based supply of information is given, gleaned from cutting-edge research by worldwide experts in academia and industry. All key planning areas are covered, including the technical and legal implications of network infrastructure sharing, hierarchical cell structure (HCS) deployment, ultra-high-site deployment and the benefits and limitations of using computer-aided design (CAD) software. In addition, theoretical models for UMTS technology are explained as generic system models, stand-alone services and mixed services. Business modelling theory and methods are also put forward, taking in propagation calculations, link-level, UMTS static and UMTS dynamic simulations. Offers a solid theoretical background in the areas of modelling automatic and manual optimisation, which differs from the more practical guides available. Covers all the key technologies: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) with UHS (Ultra-High-Site) and UTRAN LMDS/WiMAX backhaul systems. Avoids explanations on a case-by-case basis, providing instead general mathematical tools that can be applied to understand, analyze and optimize complex system performance. The challenges and goals of the automated optimization process are explored in depth using cutting-edge cost function and optimization algorithms. Highly relevant to radio network operators (planning and optimization staff, system marketing, technical managers) and telecommunications equipment providers, this book will also appeal to postgraduate and research students in the field of telecommunications and radio networking.