Preface xv 21 Smart Child Tracking System 1 Vijayan Sumathi, Mohamed Abdullah. J., Rethinam Senthil and E. Prema 21.1 Introduction 1 21.2 System Modeling 3 21.3 Hardware Design 3 21.4 Results and Discussion 5 21.5 Conclusion 7 References 8 22 Smart Vehicular Parking Systems for Open Parking Lots 11 Sidharth Mishra, Rohan B., D. Subbulekshmi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and Raana Cariappa Kalianda 22.1 Introduction 11 22.2 Description of Smart Parking System 12 22.3 Circuit Diagram 13 22.4 Block Diagram 14 22.5 Working Principle 15 22.6 Results and Inference 17 22.7 Conclusion 19 Future Scope 19 Bibliography 19 23 Two Efficient Approaches to Building a Recommendation Engine for Movies Based on Collaborative Filtering on User Ratings 21 Aniket Biswal and Thirumurugan Krishnasamy 23.1 Introduction 22 23.2 Approach 1: Model-Based Collaborative Filtering 24 23.2.1 Implementation of Recommender System 25 23.3 Approach 2: Graph-Based Collaborative Filtering 30 23.3.1 Reasons for Choosing a Graph-Based Approach over Memory-Based 30 23.3.2 Implementation of the Recommendation System 31 23.4 Conclusion 35 References 36 24 Design and Construction of Unbiased Digital Dice 37 Debdatta Bhunia, D. Subbulekshmi, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, Kulkarni Swanand Nishikant, Prashashya Patel and Sradha N. 24.1 Introduction 37 24.2 Description 39 24.3 Circuit Diagram and Components 40 24.4 Working Principle 42 24.5 Conclusion 43 Bibliography 43 25 Review on Utilizing E-Waste in Concrete 45 P. Krithiga, P. J. Subha Shree, B. Thihalya and B. Siva Prakash 25.1 Introduction 45 25.2 Methodology 47 25.3 Composition of E-Waste 48 25.4 Process of Export 50 25.5 Impact of E-Waste on Environment and Human Health 51 25.5.1 Environmental Impact 51 25.5.2 Impact on Human Health 51 25.6 Techniques - 4R Approach 53 25.6.1 Reduce 53 25.6.2 Reuse 54 25.6.3 Recycle 54 25.6.4 Restore 55 25.7 E-Waste in Concrete 55 25.8 Strength Analysis 55 25.8.1 Compressive Strength 55 25.8.2 Tensile Strength 56 25.8.3 Flexural Strength 56 25.8.4 Workability 57 25.8.5 Specific Gravity 57 25.8.6 Water Absorption 57 25.8.7 Modulus of Elasticity 58 25.9 Conclusion 58 References 59 26 Smart Trash Can 65 Vijayan Sumathi and M. Subashini 26.1 Introduction 65 26.2 Literature Survey 66 26.3 The Proposed System 66 26.4 Hardware Design 67 26.4.1 Microcontroller Board 68 26.4.2 Bluetooth Module (HC-05) 68 26.4.3 Transmitter Section 68 26.4.4 Receiver Section 68 26.5 Design and Implementation of Software 69 26.6 Results 70 26.6.1 Arduino 71 26.6.2 Python 71 26.6.3 My SQL 72 26.6.4 Web Page 72 26.7 Conclusion 72 References 73 27 Voltage Fluctuation Control Analysis of Induction Motor Drives in Textile Mill Using Phasor Measurement Unit 75 M. Naveen Babu and P.K. Dhal 27.1 Introduction 75 27.2 Existing System 78 27.3 Proposed System 78 27.4 Experimental Analysis 80 27.5 Experimental Results 82 27.6 Conclusion 83 Appendix 83 References 84 28 Smart Cities and Buildings 87 S. M. Subash, R. Dhanasekaran and B. Santhosh Kumar 28.1 Introduction 88 28.2 Components of Smart City 88 28.2.1 Public Transport 88 28.2.2 Road Traffic Management 88 28.2.3 Building – Safety & Security 90 28.2.4 Energy and Water Management 91 28.2.5 Waste Management 91 28.3 Conclusion 92 References 92 29 Minimizing the Roundness Variation in Automobile Brake Drum by Using Taguchi Technique 95 R. Manivasagam and S.P. Richard 29.1 Introduction 95 29.1.1 Roundness 96 29.2 Methodology with Taguchi Technique for Minimum Roundness of Varies 96 29.2.1 Measurement of Out-of-Roundness 96 29.2.2 Orthogonal Arrays 97 29.2.3 Pareto ANOVA 97 29.3 Experimental Conditions 97 29.4 Control Factors and Levels 99 29.5 Selection of Array Size 99 29.6 Experimental Conditions and Calculations of S/N Ratio 100 29.7 Pareto Diagram for Out-of-Roundness 101 29.8 Response Table of Process Parameter 102 29.9 Conclusion 102 References 103 30 Analysis of Developments on Mechanical Properties on Aluminum Alloys: A Review 105 Yogesh Dubey, Pankaj Sharma and M. P. Singh 30.1 Introduction 105 30.2 Literature Review 106 30.3 Conclusion 112 References 113 31 Study of Electromagnetic Field in Induction Motor Using Ansys Maxwell 115 Gajendra Yadav N. and Jyoti Koujalagi 31.1 Introduction 115 31.2 Mathematical Modeling 116 31.3 Methodology 118 31.4 Simulation Result 119 31.4.1 Magneto Dynamic Analysis 119 31.4.2 Magneto Static Analysis 121 31.5 Limitations 124 31.6 Future Scope 124 31.7 Conclusion 124 References 124 32 A New Method of Sensor-Less Speed Vector Control of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Model-Reference Adaptive System 127 S. Venkatesh Kumar, C. Kathirvel and P. Sebastian Vindro Jude 32.1 Introduction 127 32.2 Adaptive Control with Reference Model System (Stationary Frame) 130 32.3 Modelling of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Stationary Reference Frame 131 32.4 Simulation Diagram 134 32.5 Simulation Results 135 32.5.1 Speed Loop with Step Disturbance isq* 136 32.5.2 Step Response Signal 136 32.5.3 Speed Reversal in Step Signal 136 32.5.4 Ramp Response 136 32.6 Conclusion 140 References 141 33 LabVIEW-Based Speed-Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drive 143 R. Gunabalan and R. Sridhar 33.1 Introduction 143 33.2 Induction Motor Model 145 33.3 Natural Observer 147 33.4 Simulation Results 149 33.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 151 33.6 Conclusions 155 References 155 34 IoT-Based Automatic Entry Check in COVID-19 Pandemic 159 Alla Parimala Chowdary, Tummala Vineel Chowdary, G. Suganya, S. Bharathiraja and R. Kumar 34.1 Introduction 159 34.1.1 Background 160 34.2 Related Works 160 34.3 Objectives 162 34.4 Proposed Model 162 34.5 Implementation 164 34.5.1 Platforms Used 164 34.5.1.1 TinkerCAD 164 34.5.1.2 ThingSpeak 165 34.5.1.3 Python 165 34.5.2 Implementation 165 34.5.2.1 Temperature Sensing Module 165 34.5.2.2 Hand Sanitizing Module 165 34.5.2.3 Social Distance Checking Module 166 34.5.2.4 Mask Detection Module 168 34.6 Results and Discussion 169 34.7 Conclusion and Future Work 172 References 172 35 Smart Power Strip for Household Power Outlet Control and Energy Conservation Using IoT 175 C. Komathi, Arun A., M. G. Umamaheswari, S. Durgadevi and K. Thirupura Sundari 35.1 Introduction 176 35.2 Methodology 178 35.2.1 Functional Block Diagram with Hardware and Software Specifications 178 35.2.2 Working of the Proposed Smart Power Strip 179 35.2.3 Algorithm 181 35.3 Results and Discussion 182 35.4 Conclusion 185 References 186 36 Review of Solar Luminescence-Based OFID for Internet of Things Application 187 Chanthini Baskar, Shoba S., Manikandan E. and Papanasam E. 36.1 Introduction 187 36.2 OWC for IoT 189 36.2.1 Importance of Solar Cell 189 36.3 Optical Frequency Identification (OFID) 191 36.3.1 Modulation Techniques for OFID 192 36.3.1.1 Photoluminescence 192 36.3.1.2 Double Modulation 193 36.3.1.3 DC-DC Boost Converter Modulator 194 36.4 Prototype and Setup 195 36.5 Conclusion 195 References 195 37 IoT-Based Substation Monitoring and Controlling 199 Arunima Verma, Divyank Srivastava, Nisha Mishra, Navdha Sachdeva, Saurabh Kumar Jha and Shatrunjay Verma 37.1 Introduction 200 37.2 Block Diagram 200 37.2.1 Power Supply 200 37.2.2 Microcontroller 202 37.2.3 Wi-Fi Module 202 37.2.4 Voltage Sensor 202 37.2.5 Temperature Sensor 202 37.2.6 Current Sensor 203 37.2.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 203 37.2.8 Buzzer 203 37.2.9 16*2 LCD Display 204 37.2.10 Relay Module 204 37.2.11 GSM Module 204 37.2.12 Potential Transformer 205 37.3 Connection and Working 205 37.4 Result and Discussion 206 37.4.1 Result of Voltage Sensor 207 37.4.2 Result of Ultrasonic Sensor 211 37.4.3 Result of Current Sensor 214 37.4.4 Result of Temperature Sensor 217 37.5 Result of GSM Module 221 37.6 Conclusion 222 References 222 38 Agricultural Advancement Using IoT 225 Maithili P., Mohit Kumar R., Nikil Venkatesh K. and Kavitha R. 38.1 Introduction 226 38.2 Proposed System 226 38.3 Sensor System 228 38.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 228 38.3.2 Humidity Sensor 228 38.3.3 PIR Sensor 229 38.3.4 LCD 229 38.3.5 Speaker 230 38.3.6 Relay 231 38.3.7 GSM 231 38.3.8 Rain Sensor 232 38.4 Methodology 233 38.4.1 Flow Chart & Algorithm 233 38.5 Hardware of the Proposed System 234 38.6 Results and Discussion 234 38.7 Conclusion 235 References 236 39 Smart Microgrid in Hospital Community to Enhance Public Health 239 P. Renugadevi and R. Maheswari 39.1 Introduction 240 39.2 Hospital Struggling in Poor Backup Generation 240 39.3 Microgrid – The Future of Smart Grid and Reduce Power Shedding in Hospitals 241 39.3.1 Microgrid – Meaning 242 39.3.2 Basic Components in Microgrid 242 39.3.2.1 Storage Devices: Fast Response Devices 242 39.3.2.2 Energy Management Systems (EMS) 243 39.3.3 Distributed Energy Resources 243 39.3.4 Microgrid Operation 244 39.3.4.1 Grid Connected Mode 244 39.3.4.2 Islanded Mode 244 39.4 Necessity of Microgrid in Hospital Network 244 39.5 Smart Grid-Digital Technology in Electric Grid 244 39.5.1 Elements of Smart Grid 245 39.5.1.1 Smart Power Meter 245 39.5.1.2 Smart Generation 245 39.5.1.3 Smart Consumption 245 39.6 Big Data Analytics Reduces the Challenges in Microgrid 246 39.7 Case Study: Hospitals Poor Backup System Failures Causing Deaths in Recent Years 247 39.8 Conclusion 247 References 248 40 IoT-Based Smart Waste Management System 253 A.R. Kalaiarasi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and D. Subbulekshmi 40.1 Introduction 253 40.2 Design of Smart Dustbins 254 40.3 Hardware Components 256 40.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 256 40.3.2 Ardunio Uno 256 40.3.3 Motor Driver L293D 257 40.3.4 IR Sensor 257 40.4 Working 258 40.4.1 Module 1: Garbage Level Monitoring 258 40.4.2 Module 2: Motion of Dustbin Towards the Container Line 258 40.5 Results and Discussion 260 40.6 Conclusion 261 References 261 41 Case Study: Smart City Prospects for Economic Growth and Policies for Land Use 263 Divyansh Singh, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh 41.1 Introduction 264 41.1.1 Methods: Study Areas 265 41.2 Data 267 41.3 Analysis 269 41.4 Results: Combined Model 271 41.4.1 Regional Models 271 41.4.2 Discussion: Regional-Level Policy 275 41.4.3 Public Land and Zoning 276 41.5 Conclusions 279 References 281 42 Case Study: International Policy Effectiveness and Conservation Way Towards Smart Cities 283 Varun Gopalakrishnan, Dhakshain Balaji V., Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 42.1 Policy Effectiveness in Conservation 284 42.2 Case Studies of Land Use Policy Effectiveness 289 42.3 Scenarios 294 42.3.1 Scenario 1: Greenish Growth (Increased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 294 42.3.2 Scenario 2: Maximum Sprawl (Increased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 295 42.3.3 Scenario 3: Smart De-Growth (Decreased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 296 42.3.4 Scenario 4: Stagnation (Decreased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 298 42.4 Scenario Interpretation 299 42.5 The Policy Processes 300 42.6 Conclusions 303 42.7 Epilogue 304 References 306 43 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor with a Novel and Safe Testing Chamber Design 311 Anjanashree M. R., Tarusri Raja and Reena Monica P. 43.1 Introduction 312 43.2 Novel Gas Chamber Design 314 43.3 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor 317 43.4 Conclusion 321 Acknowledgment 321 References 322 About the Editors 323 Index 327

Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this second volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities. This second volume in this groundbreaking two-volume set continues the authors’ and editors’ mission to present the concepts and best practices of smart grids and how they can be utilized within the framework of a technological tapestry to create smart cities. Continuing to go through the challenges and their practical solutions, this second volume includes chapters on waste management, e-waste, automotive and transportation engineering, and how internet-of-things can be utilized within these “smart” technologies, and many others. Like its predecessor, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.