About the Authors xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Comments from Afar xvii Part I Prologue 1 1 Definitions/Glossary of Terms 3 1.1 Glossary of Terms 3 References 19 2 The Air Pollution Problem 20 2.1 Early History 20 2.2 Sources and Classifications of Air Pollution 22 2.3 The Need for Control 22 2.4 Estimating Pollutant Emissions 23 2.5 Measurement Methods 24 References 25 3 Classifications, Sources, and Effects of Air Pollution 26 3.1 Sources of Air Pollutants 26 3.2 Atmospheric Air Pollutants 27 3.3 Airborne Particulates 28 3.4 Airborne Toxins 28 3.5 Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Deposition 28 3.6 Indoor Air Pollutants 28 3.7 Water and Land Pollutants 29 3.8 Effects of Air Pollution 30 References 31 4 Multimedia Concerns 32 4.1 Environmental Problems 33 4.2 The Multimedia Approach 33 4.3 Multimedia Application 34 4.4 Education and Training 35 References 36 5 Regulations 37 5.1 Early Air Pollution Legislation 37 5.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 38 5.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 40 5.4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 43 5.5 Other Considerations 47 References 49 6 Environmental and Health Risk 50 6.1 Risk Variables and Categories 50 6.2 Risk Assessment 51 6.3 Health Risk Assessment/Analysis 52 6.4 Health Risk Assessments Components 53 6.5 Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis 56 6.6 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations 57 References 58 7 Introduction to Air Pollution Control Equipment 59 7.1 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates 59 7.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Gaseous Pollutants 62 7.3 Hybrid Systems 64 7.4 Factors in Selecting and Comparing Equipment 66 References 66 8 Introduction to Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection 67 8.1 The Need for an Operation and Maintenance Program 67 8.2 System Description 68 8.3 Personnel 69 8.4 Installation Procedures 70 8.5 Operation 71 8.6 Maintenance and Inspection 71 8.7 Improving Operation and Performance 71 8.8 Special Tools and Equipment 72 8.9 Records 72 References 73 Part II Air Pollution Control Equipment 75 9 Absorbers 77 9.1 Description of Control Device 77 9.2 Design Considerations 78 9.3 Installation Procedures 79 9.4 Operation 81 9.5 Maintenance 83 9.6 Improving Operation and Performance 84 9.7 Recent Developments 85 9.8 Conclusions 86 References 86 10 Adsorbers 87 10.1 Description of Control Device 87 10.2 Design Considerations 88 10.3 Installation Procedures 90 10.4 Operation 92 10.5 Maintenance 97 10.6 Improving Operation and Performance 98 10.7 Monitoring 100 10.8 Recent Developments 101 10.9 Conclusions 101 References 102 11 Incinerators 103 11.1 Description of Control Devices 103 11.2 Design Considerations 105 11.3 Installation Procedures 105 11.4 Operation 106 11.5 Maintenance 108 11.6 Improving Operation and Performance 109 11.7 Recent Developments 109 11.8 Conclusions 109 References 110 12 Condensers 111 12.1 Description of Control Device 112 12.2 Design Considerations 113 12.3 Installation Procedures 114 12.4 Operation 115 12.5 Maintenance 115 12.6 Improving Operation and Performance 116 12.7 Recent Developments 117 12.8 Conclusions 117 References 118 13 Mechanical Collectors 119 13.1 Description of Control Device 120 13.2 Design Considerations 122 13.3 Installation Procedures 122 13.4 Operation 122 13.5 Maintenance 124 13.6 Improving Operation and Performance 125 13.7 Recent Advances 126 13.8 Conclusions 126 References 126 14 Wet Scrubbers 127 14.1 Description of Control Devices 128 14.2 Design Considerations 130 14.3 Installation Procedures 131 14.4 Operation 133 14.5 Maintenance 136 14.6 Improving Operation and Performance 138 14.7 Recent Developments 145 14.8 Conclusions 145 References 146 15 Electrostatic Precipitators 147 15.1 Description of Control Device 150 15.2 Design Considerations 152 15.3 Installation Procedures 153 15.4 Operation 154 15.5 Maintenance 162 15.6 Improving Operation and Performance 167 15.7 Recent Developments 171 15.8 Conclusions 172 References 173 16 Baghouses 174 Paul Farber 16.1 Description of Control Device 175 16.2 Cleaning Methods 177 16.3 Design Considerations 181 16.4 Installation Procedures 182 16.5 Operation 185 16.6 Startup and Shutdown 186 16.7 Improving Operation and Performance 192 16.8 Recent Advances 193 16.9 Conclusions 194 References 194 17 Hybrid Systems 195 Sean Dooley 17.1 Dry Scrubbers 196 17.2 Ionizing Wet Scrubber (IWS) 198 17.3 Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (WEPs) 200 17.4 Electrostatic Stimulation of Fabric Filtration 201 17.5 Recent Advances in Control Equipment Technology 202 17.6 Conclusion 202 References 202 18 Controlling the Oxides of Nitrogen 203 18.1 The Oxides of Nitrogen 203 18.2 NoX Control Methods 206 18.3 Reducing NoX Generation Via Pollution Prevention 207 18.4 Control of Flue Gas NoX 210 18.5 Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, and Optimization Considerations 212 18.6 Conclusions 212 References 212 19 Carbon Capture and Storage 213 19.1 Properties of Carbon Dioxide 213 19.2 Global Carbon Cycle 214 19.3 The Greenhouse Effect 214 19.4 Effects of Global Warming/Climate Change 215 19.5 Carbon Dioxide Control Technologies 216 19.6 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 217 19.7 Final Editorial Thoughts (of One of the Authors) 218 19.8 Final Editorial Thoughts (of the Other Author) 218 References 219 20 Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems 221 20.1 Description of Control Device 221 20.2 Design Procedures 223 20.3 Installation Procedures 227 20.4 Operation 227 20.5 Startup 230 20.6 Maintenance 230 20.7 Improving Operation and Performance 231 20.8 Conclusions 231 References 232 21 Biofiltration 233 21.1 Description of Control Device 234 21.2 Design Considerations 235 21.3 Operation and Maintenance 237 21.4 Improving Operation and Performance 237 21.5 Conclusions 238 References 239 22 Stacks 240 22.1 Description of Control Device 240 22.2 Design Considerations 241 22.3 Sulfuric Acid Attack 251 22.4 Inspection and Repair of Liners 255 22.5 Recent Advances 258 22.6 Conclusions 259 References 259 23 Ventilation 261 23.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 261 23.2 Dilution Ventilation 262 23.3 Local Exhaust Systems 263 23.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 264 23.5 Ventilation Models 264 23.6 Model Limitations 265 References 266 Part III Epilogue 267 24 Atmospheric Dispersion 269 Sarah Forster 24.1 The Nature of Dispersion 269 24.2 Meteorological Concerns 270 24.3 Plume Rise 271 24.4 Effective Stack Height 272 24.5 The Pasquill-Gifford Model 273 24.6 Types of Emission Sources 274 24.7 Choosing A Model 274 24.8 Conclusions 275 References 276 25 Control Equipment Cost Considerations 277 25.1 Capital Costs 277 25.2 Operating Costs 278 25.3 Hidden Economic Factors 279 25.4 Project Evaluation 280 25.5 Future Trends 280 References 281 26 Measurement Methods 282 Vincenza Imperiale 26.1 Source Sampling 283 26.2 Sampling Guidelines 283 26.3 Continuous Emission Monitoring 286 26.4 Opacity Measurements 287 26.5 Sampling Statistical Analysis 288 26.6 Maintenance 289 26.7 Conclusions 289 References 290 27 Optimization Considerations 291 27.1 The History of Optimization 291 27.2 Optimization Overview 292 27.3 The Scope of Optimization 292 27.4 General Analytical Formulation of Optimization Problems 293 27.5 Optimizing Performance 294 27.6 Recent Developments 296 27.7 Conclusions 296 References 297 28 Factors in Pollution Control Equipment Selection 298 28.1 Environmental, Engineering, and Economic Factors 298 28.2 Comparing Control Equipment Alternatives 299 28.3 Equipment and Material Specifications 302 28.4 Instrumentation and Controls 303 28.5 Equipment Fabrication 304 28.6 Installation Procedures 304 28.7 Equipment Purchasing Guidelines 304 28.8 Future Trends 306 References 306 29 Control Equipment for Specific Industries 307 Emma Parente 29.1 Continue Techniques Applicable to Specific Sources 307 29.2 Control Techniques Applicable to Other Sources 313 Reference 313 Index 314

Comprehensive overview of the air pollution control technology field including the design, selection, operation, and maintenance of relevant devices Optimizing Air Pollution Control Equipment Performance delivers an analysis of the subject of air pollution control equipment from the perspective of the practicing engineer or an applied scientist, rather than a theoretical perspective. Written by a team of highly qualified authors with experience in both industry and academia, coverage includes: Design and selection of a variety of relevant devices as well as carbon dioxide capture processes and technologies related to control of NOx Strategies to ensure that air pollution control systems meet stringent emission standards and latest technological requirements, with up-to-date references throughout Typical problems related to air pollution control equipment, emphasizing where and how these factors can have a major impact on the maintenance problems of control devices Methods to reduce maintenance costs and prevent deterioration of collector performance A timely reference detailing problems that have plagued users for nearly 100 years, Optimizing Air Pollution Control Equipment Performance earns a well-deserved spot on the bookshelves of professionals working in environmental control, including consultants, engineers, and government agency personnel, as well as advanced students in related programs of study.