About the Authors xvii Preface To the First Edition xxi Preface To the Second Edition xxv Series Preface xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2 1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 7 1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 10 1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11 1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17 1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17 1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 24 1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 25 1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27 References 29 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31 2.1 Vehicle Basics 31 2.2 Basics of the EV 36 2.3 Basics of the HEV 39 2.4 Basics of Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 40 2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42 Reference 43 3 HEV Fundamentals 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Vehicle Model 46 3.3 Vehicle Performance 49 3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 52 3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 55 3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 60 3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68 References 71 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 73 4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 73 4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 76 4.3 GM Two‐Mode Hybrid Transmission 80 4.4 Dual‐Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 87 4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 92 4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 95 4.7 Timken Two‐Mode Hybrid Transmission 96 4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 99 4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 100 4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E‐Four‐Wheel Drive 102 4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 103 4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 104 4.13 Non‐Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 106 4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 107 4.15 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 111 5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 111 5.2 PHEV Architectures 115 5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 115 5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 116 5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 119 5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 121 5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 122 5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 123 5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 123 5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 126 5.11 Vehicle‐to‐Grid Technology 129 5.12 Conclusion 140 References 140 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.2 Off‐Road HEVs 148 6.3 Diesel HEVs 163 6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 164 6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172 References 173 Further Reading 174 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 175 7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 175 7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 176 7.3 Non‐Ground‐Vehicle Military Applications 180 7.4 Ruggedness Issues 185 References 186 Further Reading 187 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 189 8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 189 8.2 Reliability of HEVs 195 8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 203 8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 205 8.5 End‐of‐Life Issues 207 References 208 Further Reading 209 9 Power Electronics in HEVs 211 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 212 9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 214 9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 221 9.5 Non‐Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 223 9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 229 9.7 Current Source Inverter 229 9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 231 9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 242 9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 243 9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 251 9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 253 9.13 Circuit Packaging 254 9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 254 9.15 Conclusions 257 References 257 10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 261 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 Induction Motor Drives 262 10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 287 10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 310 10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 311 10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 315 10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 316 10.8 Conclusions 323 References 323 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 333 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2 Characterization of Batteries 335 11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 355 11.4 Ultracapacitors 356 11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 358 11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 362 11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 364 11.8 Summary and Discussion 368 References 368 Further Reading 369 12 Battery Modeling 371 12.1 Introduction 371 12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 372 12.3 Modeling of Lithium‐Ion (Li‐Ion) Battery 374 12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 375 12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 377 12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 382 References 383 Further Reading 383 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 387 13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 393 13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 396 13.5 Design Procedures 401 13.6 Experimental Results 401 13.7 Conclusions 407 References 407 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 409 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 410 14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 412 14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 416 14.5 Physics‐Based Modeling 416 14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 424 14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 428 14.8 Conclusion 428 References 428 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 433 15.1 Introduction 433 15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 434 15.3 Model‐in‐the‐Loop Design Optimization Process 446 15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 447 15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 452 15.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 461 16.1 Introduction 461 16.2 Fundamental Theory 464 16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 468 16.4 Compensation Network 473 16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 475 16.6 Methods of Study 477 16.7 Additional Discussion 479 16.8 A Double‐Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 482 16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 502 16.10 Summary 511 References 511 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 521 17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 521 17.2 Methodology to Implement 523 17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536 References 536 Further Reading 537 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 539 18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 539 18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 539 18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 540 18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 541 18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off‐Road Applications 542 18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543 Further Reading 543 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 545 19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 545 19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 545 19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 547 19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 548 19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551 Further Reading 553 Index 555

The latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. It focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition with four new chapters covering recent advances in hybrid vehicle technology. New areas covered include battery modelling, charger design, and wireless charging. Also included is a chapter providing an overview of hybrid vehicle technology, which offers a perspective on the current debate on sustainability and the environmental impact of hybrid and electric vehicle technology. Completely updated with new chaptersCovers recent developments, breakthroughs, and technologies, including new drive topologiesExplains HEV fundamentals and applicationsOffers a holistic perspective on vehicle electrification Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives, Second Edition is a great resource for researchers and practitioners in the automotive industry, as well as for graduate students in automotive engineering.