This reference explores recent efforts to realize a practical physical device that follows the neural network principles of the brain, incorporating research from the last 50 years in nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, supramolecular chemistry, and materials science.

ContentsPreface ........................................................................................................................................................................................xiiiAuthor ......................................................................................................................................................................................... xvSummary of the Chapters ..........................................................................................................................................................xviiChapter 1 Philosophical Transformation Essential to Reverse Engineer Consciousness ........................................................ 11.1 How Do We Differ from the Existing Worldview? ....................................................................................... 11.2 Ten Research Fields That We Cover Here .................................................................................................... 41.3 The Universe within and above not Side by Side ......................................................................................... 71.3.1 What a Turing-Based Worldview Does Not Consider .................................................................... 91.4 Basic Questions to Answer: Ten Popular Human Brain Models .................................................................. 91.4.1 What Does the Information Look Like in Nature ......................................................................... 121.4.2 Why Two Individuals Understand Each Other or the Universe .................................................... 141.5 Different Kinds of Tapes to Recreate Nature in Different Languages ........................................................ 151.6 Brain-Inspired Decision-Making—The Outline of Key Discoveries ......................................................... 161.7 Energy Transmission in the Brain—It’s Not All about Neuron Skin ......................................................... 161.8 Terminologies of Life That Computers Do Not Support ............................................................................ 181.9 Linguistics and the Wheel of Space, Time, and Imaginary Worlds ............................................................ 191.10 Three Concepts Define Artificial Brain ...................................................................................................... 201.10.1 A Language of Time Crystals Written by the Symmetry of Primes ............................................. 221.10.2 A Magnetic Light: Creating a Device That Stores Charge and Builds a Time Crystal ................ 231.10.3 A Pattern of All Possible Choices to Arrange Primes ................................................................... 231.11 Conclusion: The Religion of Science Has a Triangle, Darwin, Turing, and Hodgkin-Huxley .................. 24Chapter 2 Replacing Turing Tape with a Fractal Tape: Fractal Information Theory (FIT) and Geometric MusicalLanguage (GML) ................................................................................................................................................... 252.1 Incompleteness of Current Information Theory ......................................................................................... 252.1.1 Fractal Tape and Surgery of a 2D Image to Place It in a Nested Sphere ...................................... 282.1.2 Self-Assembly of Geometric Shapes and the Concept of Singularity .......................................... 302.2 The Basics of a Geometric Musical Language ........................................................................................... 322.2.1 How a 3D Structure Becomes a Time Crystal or a Tensor: Non-differentiability ........................ 362.2.2 Fifteen Geometric Shapes Are Enough to Recreate Any 1D, 2D, or 3D Pattern ......................... 362.2.3 How to Convert Waveforms into a Time Crystal: Non-differentiability ....................................... 392.3 The Basic Concept of a Time Crystal and the Garden of Gardens (GOG) ................................................ 402.4 How to Design a Sensor for Acquiring 11D Data ...................................................................................... 402.4.1 Why Fourier Transform Does Not Work ...................................................................................... 412.4.2 The Engineering of a Nerve Bundle in Acquiring Hidden Data ................................................... 412.4.3 Operational Chart of a Sensor ....................................................................................................... 422.5 Comparative Studies between Winfree, Wilczek, and the Universal Time Crystal ................................... 422.6 The Definition of a Quaternion, Octonion, and Dodecanion ...................................................................... 432.7 The Basic Concept of a Higher-Dimension Data: A Lucid Presentation ................................................... 442.8 A Comparison between GML and Software Algorithm ............................................................................. 452.8.1 Historical Background on Hypercomputing and Super-Turing Hypothesis ................................. 462.9 Creation of a Non-Argument ...................................................................................................................... 472.10 FIT Summary in a Single Chart .................................................................................................................. 502.11 GML Summary in a Single Chart ............................................................................................................... 532.12 Conclusion: Russel’s Paradox and Higher-Order Logic in a Geometric Language ................................... 54Chapter 3 Phase Prime Metric (PPM) Links All Symmetries in Our Universe and Governs Nature’s Intelligence ............. 553.1 Ten Classes of Phase Prime Metric (PPM)—a Pattern of Primes .............................................................. 553.1.1 15 Primes Contribute to 99.99% of All Integers in the Universe .................................................. 583.1.2 Ordered Factor Metric and Its 3D Version .................................................................................... 593.1.3 How Is a Time Crystal Decomposed and Amplified Using PPM ................................................ 613.2 Metric 1: An Integer Is Replaced by a Typical Geometric Shape .............................................................. 623.3 Metric 2: Product of Primes Forming Integers Led to a Unique Ordered Factor Metric ........................... 633.4 Metric 3: Integers Limited to 360° Phase Build Clockwise and Anticlockwise Paths ............................... 653.5 Metric 4: A Domain of Integers Sets a Limit on the Usable 15 Primes ..................................................... 663.6 Metric 5: When Ordered Factor Is Much Greater Than the Integer ........................................................... 673.7 Metric 6: Empty Space in the Plot of Ordering of Divisors in Phase Plot Presents Holes ......................... 683.8 Metric 7: Statistical Dominance of Primes in the Integer Space—Silent and Active Primes .................... 683.9 Metric 8: Normalized Ripples on the Metric Plot Shows Periodicity in Events ........................................ 703.10 Metric 9: Lattice Group of Primes (Twin Primes, Cousin Primes, Co-primes, and Gaussian Primes) ...... 713.11 Metric 10: Multilayer Imaginary Operation on the Real Integers Builds a New Pattern ........................... 723.12 Ten Prime Operators to be Applied Step-by-Step ....................................................................................... 733.13 Hidden Physical Significance of 15 Primes When PPM Evolves a Time Crystal ..................................... 743.14 How to Use PPM ........................................................................................................................................ 753.15 Solution of a Big Data Problem on Diabetes—PPM in an Artificial Brain ............................................... 773.16 Three Classes of Primes ............................................................................................................................. 813.16.1 Ordered Factor Metric (OF), Prime Composition Metric (PC), and Prime Gap Metric (PG) ..... 813.16.2 Advantages of PPM ...................................................................................................................... 82Chapter 4 Fractal Mechanics Is Not Quantum but Original—Geometric Algebra for a Dodecanion Brain ......................... 854.1 Revisiting the Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics Using Clocks ....................................................... 854.1.1 Wave–Particle Duality, Beating, Interference, Entanglement, and Harmonic Oscillator ............ 884.1.2 Multiple Imaginary Worlds Operating at a Time Need Fractal Mechanics .................................. 884.2 Fractal Mechanics Acts in the Phase Space Connecting Singularity Points .............................................. 894.2.1 Multilevel Geometric Architecture of the Hilbert Space .............................................................. 914.2.2 Fractal Harmonic Oscillator, Fractal Condensation, and Peculiarities ......................................... 954.2.3 Harvesting Noise by Harvesting Singularity—PPM Replaces Statistical Mechanics ................. 964.2.4 What Is Energy in the Many Interacting Imaginary Worlds? ....................................................... 984.3 A Comparison between Classical, Quantum, and Fractal Mechanics—Scale Symmetryand Scale Relativity .................................................................................................................................. 1004.4 Action Is Not Limited to Planks Constant—Every Imaginary World Has One ...................................... 1024.5 A Table of Fundamental Constants in Nature .......................................................................................... 1044.6 Quantum Interference- and Fractal Interference-Experiment on a Single Microtubule .......................... 1054.7 Fractal Absorption–Emission of the Optical Band of a Nanobrain .......................................................... 1064.8 Basic Mathematics Using Clocks ............................................................................................................. 1084.8.1 Numbers, Equations, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division ................................ 1094.8.2 Differentiation, Integration, and Partial Differential Equations—Lie Algebra .......................... 1104.8.3 CFGA Operator That Runs 13 Math Operations in a Time Crystal Structure ............................ 1114.9 The Fundamentals of Quaternion, Octonion, and Dodecanion ................................................................ 1114.9.1 The Rule of 11D Manifolds ........................................................................................................ 1124.10 Twelve Equations That Regulate a Fractal Tape for Prime-Based Computing ........................................ 1134.10.1 Projection from Infinity—Future Impacting the Present ........................................................... 1134.11 Different Kinds of Spirals in Nature ......................................................................................................... 1144.12 A Marriage between Fractal Mechanics and Geometric Algebra............................................................. 116Chapter 5 Big Data in the Garden of Gardens (GOG)—Universal Time Crystal ................................................................ 1175.1 Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem and the Fractal Tape .......................................................................... 1175.1.1 A Marriage between Frequency Fractal Hardware and the Time Crystal .................................. 1205.1.2 PPM Allows Two Systems to Sync without Communication ..................................................... 1215.2 The Origin of Fractal Resolution and Instant Reply ................................................................................ 1215.2.1 Spontaneous Reply—Search without Searching .......................................................................... 1215.2.2 Automated Error Correction through Time Crystal Learning ..................................................... 1225.2.3 Synchronization of Time Crystals and Incomplete Problems ...................................................... 1225.2.4 Umbrella of Perception—Harvesting Infinity and Projecting from Infinity ................................ 1235.3 Replacing Fourier Transform by Time Crystal Transform ....................................................................... 1255.3.1 Image Processing and Sound Analysis Using a Time Crystal...................................................... 1255.4 Ten Situations When the Turing Machine Fails but Fractal Machines Hold On ..................................... 1265.5 The Hardware Architecture of an Artificial Brain .................................................................................... 1285.6 Thermal Breathing by Microtubule and Artificial Brain .......................................................................... 1295.7 Lotus in the Primes—Revisiting Thermodynamics of Geometry ........................................................... 1315.8 How Geometric Similarity Builds Creativity in Computing Primes ........................................................ 1365.9 The Wheel of Intelligence—Difference from Humans ............................................................................ 1375.10 Could Prime-Based Computing Predict the Future without Prior Knowledge? ...................................... 1395.11 How Prime-Based Artificial Brain Shrinks Big Data? ............................................................................ 1395.12 The Limitations and Incredible Features of Prime-Based Computing ..................................................... 142Chapter 6 Unprecedented Technologies found in Nature Led by Harvesting the Geometry of Singularity ....................... 1456.1 PPM—The Pattern of Primes Embedded in the Tubulin Protein ............................................................ 1456.1.1 α-Helices Form Groups of Rings to Complete a Loop ................................................................. 1466.1.2 Hyperspace Symmetries Follow a Mathematical Identity ............................................................ 1486.1.3 Ordered Factor of Integers and Coding in Proteins ...................................................................... 1496.1.4 Biomaterials in and the Remarkable Engineering of Water Channels ......................................... 1496.2 Experiment on a Single Microtubule or Any Generic System to Find Its Time Crystal .......................... 1506.2.1 How Do We Experimentally Confirm That an Assembly of the Clocks Is a Time Crystal? ........ 1506.2.2 Triplet of Triplet Resonance Band in Microtubule ....................................................................... 1536.2.3 The Biological Relevance of the Time Crystal ............................................................................. 1556.2.3.1 Exponential Speedup of Time Crystal Transfer via Synchrony—QuantumEntanglement Is Not the Only Route ............................................................................ 1586.2.3.2 Tubulin’s Nested Resonance and Synchrony ................................................................ 1596.3 Single Molecule’s Thermal Diffusion Emerges into a Natural Clock ...................................................... 1606.4 Brain’s fMRI Images Created on a Molecular Surface ............................................................................ 1616.5 Massively Parallel Computing by Cellular Automaton ............................................................................ 1626.6 One-to-Many and Many-to-One Orbital Computing in a Nanowheel ..................................................... 1646.7 Hidden Communication in the Filaments Well before a Nerve Spike ...................................................... 1656.7.1 Triplet of Triplet Resonance Band in the Axon of a Neuron ........................................................ 1706.7.2 Scale-Free Triplet of Triplet Band in Tubulin, Microtubule, and Neuron .................................... 1706.8 The Measurement of a Complete Time Crystal Map of a Neuron ........................................................... 173Chapter 7 A Complete, Integrated Time Crystal Model of a Human Brain ........................................................................ 1777.1 Brain Is the Engineering of Prime Numbers Embedded in a Triplet of Triplet Cage .............................. 1777.1.1 Four, Eight, and Twelve Imaginary Worlds Work Together ......................................................... 1817.1.2 Singularity on a Sphere—The Key to a Clock of a Time Crystal ................................................ 1837.2 Primes in the Five Sensory Systems ......................................................................................................... 1837.3 Primes in the Cerebellum, Hippocampus, and Hypothalamus ................................................................. 1867.4 Primes in the Connectome, Spinal Cord, Amygdala, Nucleus, and Cortical Column ............................. 1917.5 Primes in the Neuron, Glia, Dendro-Dendritic, Astrocytes, Microtubule, and Proteins DNA ................ 1927.6 Twelve Ways of Memorizing and Twelve Carriers Operating Rhythms/Clocks ..................................... 1957.7 The Brain’s Wheel of Primes ................................................................................................................... 1977.7.1 Eight Sensors Hold Crossover Magic of Octonion ...................................................................... 1997.7.2 Eight Mathematical Operators Run Two Orthogonal Math Engines ............................................ 2007.8 The Basic Device for Decision-Making in the Brain ............................................................................... 2017.8.1 H3 Device That the Brain Uses Everywhere ................................................................................ 2037.9 Fusion of Cavity and Dielectric Resonator Model of a Human Brain ..................................................... 2037.10 Time Crystal Model of the Human Brain ................................................................................................. 2077.11 Four Metrics of Primes Run in Parallel—The Saga of Hexagonal Lattice .............................................. 2087.11.1 Composition of Four, Eight, and Twelve Dimension Tensors .................................................... 2097.11.2 Quaternion, Octonion, and Dodecanion ..................................................................................... 2107.12 Time Crystal Made Meander Flower to a Garden of Gardens ................................................................. 2107.12.1 Twelve Dodecanion and Eight Octonions Build 20 Conscious Human Expressions ................. 210Chapter 8 Hinductor Not Memristor—Synthesis of Atoms and Crystals Made of Magnetic Light .................................... 2198.1 It Is Resistance for Vortex Atoms but Not for Electrons .......................................................................... 2198.1.1 Quantum Non-Demolition: e − π − □□ Quadratic Sensors .......................................................... 2238.1.2 Rapidly Oscillating Cell Membrane Holding a Long Wave ....................................................... 2248.1.3 Paraxial Systems ......................................................................................................................... 2248.1.4 Anisotropy and Avoided Crossing .............................................................................................. 2258.2 Fundamental Structural Parameters of a Fourth-Circuit Element—Hinductor ........................................ 2268.2.1 Periodically Oscillating Edge and Screw Dislocations ............................................................... 2278.2.2 Topology Regulating the Polarization ........................................................................................ 2288.3 The Hamiltonian or Energy of Four Clocks Creating Magnetic Light .................................................... 2298.3.1 Birefringence, Quantum Beating and Classical Beating ............................................................ 2308.3.2 Pancharatnam Berry Phase ......................................................................................................... 2318.3.3 Pyroelectric, Ferroelectric, and Piezoelectric Properties ............................................................ 2328.4 Linear Variation of Magnetic Flux and Stored Charge in H ..................................................................... 2328.4.1 Flow of Thermal Wave—Friend or Foe? .................................................................................... 2338.4.2 Wireless Communication between Two H Devices .................................................................... 2348.4.3 Tomasch Oscillations and Harvesting Noise .............................................................................. 2368.5 Periodic Oscillation of Capacitance, Inductance, and Hinductance with Its Geometry .......................... 2368.5.1 The Concept of Phase Space with 12 Holes That Blink ............................................................. 2378.5.2 Periodic Oscillations with Length, Pitch, Lattice Area/Diameter—Theory and Experiment .... 2388.5.3 Knots of Darkness on the H Interface ......................................................................................... 2418.6 Three Interactive Cylinders Perturbing the Knots ................................................................................... 2428.6.1 Knots of Dark Lines Act Like a Spin of a Particle ..................................................................... 2438.6.2 Synthesis of Super-Super Coil Made of Dark Lines ................................................................... 2448.6.3 Morphogenesis of Knots in Vortex-Like Magnetic Atoms ........................................................ 2458.7 Magnetic Knots’ Driven Self-Assembly ................................................................................................... 2468.8 Design Application and Operation of H—The Novelty of H ................................................................... 2478.9 Transition from the Old Era of Electronics to Modern Magnonics .......................................................... 250Chapter 9 Brain Jelly to Humanoid Avatar—Fractal Reaction Kinetics, Fractal Condensation, and ProgrammableMatter for Primes................................................................................................................................................. 2539.1 Neuromorphic Devices Are Not Alone—17 Biomorphic Devices Sing Together.................................... 2539.1.1 A Description of Peculiar Designs of Critical Brain Components Using an Organic Gel ......... 2579.2 A Hexagonal 2D Sheet of Cortical Columns—A Carpenter’s Job........................................................... 2599.2.1 The Collective Response of Quad Patterns of Primes ................................................................ 2609.2.2 Electric, Magnetic, and Mechanical Rhythms Bind Them ........................................................ 2619.3 Anomalous Quantum Cloaking—Vanishing and Seeing the One We Want to ........................................ 2629.3.1 Randomness Is Not Random Anymore ....................................................................................... 2649.4 A Living Gel That Listens and Then Grows from Atomic Size to Centimeters Long ............................. 2649.5 Fractal Condensation—Condensing Everywhere at Once ....................................................................... 2679.5.1 Pattern of Primes Need Not to Be Instructed ............................................................................. 2719.6 Fractal Reaction Kinetics—Parallel Syntheses in One Beaker at a Time ............................................... 2719.7 Nanobrain, the Smallest Life Form .......................................................................................................... 2729.7.1 Jelly of Megamers Following a Resonance Chain ...................................................................... 2739.7.2 EEG of a Nanobrain .................................................................................................................... 2769.8 Tuning Undefined Holes to Sense Magnetic Light ................................................................................... 2779.8.1 Spiral Nanowire Writes Time Crystal—Sense It as a Crystal of Light ...................................... 2789.8.2 Writing Prime Numbers in a Jelly .............................................................................................. 2799.9 Entropy Drives the Synthesis of a Pattern of Primes .............................................................................. 2809.9.1 Hesse Diagram for Entropy Builds Material Analog of Integers ............................................. 2809.10 The Cortical Pen That Freezes Unknown Dynamics into a Time Crystal .............................................. 2829.10.1 Capsules of Brain Jelly—One Each for One Big Problem ....................................................... 2829.11 A Sensor That Searches for Given Keys, Do Not Sense Any Input ....................................................... 2849.11.1 Eleven Dimensional Signals in the Human Brain and in Brain Jelly ....................................... 2869.11.2 Humanoid Avatar—An Ultimate Sensor .................................................................................. 2869.12 Sensor Triad, Sensor Jelly, Muscle Jelly, and Brain Jelly ...................................................................... 2879.12.1 A Total Transformation from the Biological Neural Net to a Jelly of Time Crystals .............. 288Chapter 10 Uploading Consciousness—The Evolution of Conscious Machines of the Future ............................................ 29110.1 A Journey from Cortical Pen to a Conscious Egg as a Companion of Life ........................................... 29110.1.1 How We Construct a Sentence Is How We Think .................................................................... 29310.2 Ten Key Guidelines to Reverse Engineer a Human Brain ...................................................................... 29410.3 Twelve Paradoxes That Would Change Our Thoughts Forever .............................................................. 29610.4 Consciousness Is Not on the Neuron Skin—Time Crystal Model Is Nowhere but Everywhere ........... 30110.4.1 The Difference between a Neurogenic Brain Model and a Time Crystal Model ..................... 30110.5 When We Carry It and Why We Make It ............................................................................................... 30210.6 How to Cut 11D Manifolds of Time in a Piece of Paper ........................................................................ 30410.7 The Marriage of Primes with Geometry Would Reshape Humanity ...................................................... 30410.8 Machines of the Future ........................................................................................................................... 30510.8.1 The Difference between Circuits of Wand Circuits of Time .................................................... 30510.8.2 Future Applications .................................................................................................................. 30610.9 Playing with Cheap, Handy Tools to Break the Paradigm of Thought ...................................................... 30910.10 Numerology of Human Consciousness .................................................................................................. 30910.11 Frequency Wheels of an Evolving Brain ................................................................................................ 31110.12 Synthesis of Critical Brain Features Even before We Meet the Aliens .................................................. 31210.13 A Cycle of a Garden from Flower to a Petal .......................................................................................... 314Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................ 315Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 347

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