Preface xv 1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications 1Sudipta Goswami and Chandan Kumar Ghosh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamentals 2 1.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes 6 1.4 Synthesis Methods 8 1.5 Applications 19 1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 32 2 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes 39Kaili Gong, Lian Yin and Keqing Zhou 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 HF Etching Method 40 2.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method 43 2.4 Molten Salt Etching Method 49 2.5 Electrochemical Etching Method 52 2.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method 55 2.7 Alkali Etching Method 58 2.8 Other Etching Methods 59 2.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene 62 2.10 Conclusion 65 3 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes 71Lekshmi A. G., Rejithamol. R., Santhy A., Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna and Appukuttan Saritha 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes 72 3.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes 77 3.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes 83 3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 96 4 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes 107Deepthi Jayan K. and Ragin Ramdas M. 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 Structure of MXenes 109 4.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes 110 4.4 Electronic Properties 112 4.5 Electrical Properties 122 4.6 Optical Properties 130 4.7 Conclusion 138 5 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 147R. Ghamsarizade, B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo and N. Mehranshad 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes 150 5.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes 162 5.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes 171 5.5 Conclusion 178 6 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications 185Zhenting Yin, Pengfei Jia and Bibo Wang 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing 187 6.3 Properties 193 6.4 Applications 203 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 209 7 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites 221Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Praveen Kumar Sharma and Ashish Kumar 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Overview of MXene 225 7.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites 225 7.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods 227 7.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites 230 7.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites 244 7.7 Conclusion and Outlook 247 8 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications 257Karuppasamy P., Sennappan M., Hemavathi B., Manjunath H. R. and Anjanpura V. Raghu 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 Synthesis of MXene 258 8.3 Modification Strategies of MXene 263 8.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites 264 8.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite 266 8.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials 274 8.7 Conclusion 280 9 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 287B. D. S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph 9.1 Introduction to MXenes 287 9.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 292 9.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 294 9.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials 296 9.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 297 9.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives 304 9.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 311 10 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications 321Anju C. 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 MXene-Polymer Composites 323 10.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 327 10.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 350 10.5 Conclusion 350 11 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection 359Sachin Karki, Rajashree Bhuyan, Sachin R. Geed and Pravin G. Ingole 11.1 Introduction 359 11.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 361 11.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 367 11.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications 369 11.5 Future Directions 379 11.6 Conclusion 380 12 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors 389J. Aarthi, K. Selvaraju, S. Gowri, K. Kirubavathi and Ananthakumar Ramadoss 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor 391 12.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors 393 12.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors 401 12.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor 411 12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 416 13 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications 423Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan, Subba Rao V. Madhunapantula and Ravishankar Rai Vittal 13.1 Introduction to MXenes 423 13.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties 424 13.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes 426 13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 450 14 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 459Anjana Sreekumar, Ajil R. Nair, Akhila Raman, Akhil Sivan, Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh and Saritha Appukuttan 14.1 Introduction 459 14.2 Preparation 461 14.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites 467 14.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination 472 14.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 491 15 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation 501S. Manobalan and T. P. Sumangala 15.1 Introduction 501 15.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane 503 15.3 Pervaporation 512 15.4 Gas Separation 529 15.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539 Acknowledgement 540 References 540 Index 547

This volume is the first book to comprehensively explore the various fabrication and processing strategies for MXene-reinforced polymer composites including detailed characterizations and their numerous applications. The book systematically provides a critical discussion on the synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties, characterizations, surface chemistry, and functionalization strategies of MXenes and their utilization as efficient nanofiller into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites. The book provides a deep insight into the recent state-of-the-art progress in MXene-reinforced polymer composites, discussing several critical issues and providing suggestions for future work. The key features of this book are: Providing fundamental information and a clear understanding of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, and physicochemical properties of MXenes; Presenting a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Exploring various processing and fabrication methods of MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Providing deep insight into fundamental properties and various emerging applications of MXene-reinforced polymer/composites. Audience Researchers, postgraduates, and industry engineers working in materials science, polymer science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, as well as technologists in electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.