Preface xv 1 Introduction to Textiles and Finishing Materials 1Mohd Shabbir and Javed N. Sheikh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Polymers 2 1.3 Nanomaterials 3 1.4 Enzymes 4 1.5 Plasma and Radiations for Textiles 6 1.6 Flexible Electronics 7 References 8 2 Polymers for Textile Production 13Mohammad Tajul Islam, Md. Mostafizur Rahman and Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder 2.1 Polymers 13 2.2 History of Polymer 15 2.3 Classification of Polymers 16 2.4 Polymerization 19 2.4.1 Chain Polymerization 19 2.4.2 Step Polymerization 21 2.5 Polymers in Textile Fibers 23 2.5.1 Natural Polymers 24 2.5.1.1 Cellulose 24 2.5.1.2 Cotton 25 2.5.1.3 Jute 26 2.5.1.4 Keratin 26 2.5.1.5 Wool 27 2.5.1.6 Fibroin 28 2.5.1.7 Silk 28 2.5.2 Synthetic Polymers 29 2.5.2.1 Polyethylene 29 2.5.2.2 Polypropylene 33 2.5.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene 36 2.5.2.4 Poly Vinyl Chloride 38 2.5.2.5 Poly Vinylidene Chloride 40 2.5.2.6 Polyamide 41 2.5.2.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate 47 2.5.2.8 Polyacrylonitrile 50 2.5.2.9 Modacrylic Fiber 52 2.5.2.10 Spandex Fiber 52 2.6 Polymers in Textile Processing 54 2.6.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol 54 2.6.2 Starch 56 2.6.3 Sodium Alginate 56 2.7 Conclusion 57 References 57 3 Advances in Polymer Coating for Functional Finishing of Textiles 61Asma Bouasria, Ayoub Nadi, Aicha Boukhriss, Hassan Hannache, Omar Cherkaoui and Said Gmouh 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Polymer Coating Methods 63 3.2.1 Dip Coating 63 3.2.2 Transfer Coating 64 3.2.3 Kiss Roll Coating 64 3.2.4 Gravure Roll Coating 64 3.2.5 Slot Die or Extrusion Coating 65 3.2.6 Powder Coating 65 3.2.7 Knife Coating 66 3.2.7.1 Choice of the Thickness 67 3.2.7.2 The Viscosity 67 3.2.7.3 Drying 67 3.2.7.4 Type of Knife 68 3.2.7.5 Knife Use Technologies 69 3.2.7.6 Type of Knife Coating 70 3.3 New Technologies in Polymer Coatings 71 3.3.1 Plasma Treatment Technology 71 3.3.2 Electrofluidodynamic Treatment Technology 72 3.3.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Based Method Technology 73 3.4 Coating Materials 73 3.4.1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 74 3.4.2 Polyacrylics (PA) 74 3.4.3 Polyurethane (PU) 75 3.5 New Functionalities of Polymer Coatings 77 3.5.1 Application in Smart Textile 77 3.5.2 Flame Retardant 77 3.5.3 Water Repellence 79 3.5.4 Antibacterial Function 81 3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 82 References 82 4 Functional Finishing of Textiles with β-Cyclodextrin 87Aminoddin Haji 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Properties of Cyclodextrins 89 4.3 Chemical Modification of Cyclodextrins 91 4.4 Methods for Attachment of β-CD on Textiles 91 4.5 Functional Properties Obtained by Attachment of β-CD on Textiles 100 4.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity and Drug Delivery 100 4.5.2 Fragrance Release and Anti-Odor Finishing 101 4.5.3 Improved Dyeing and Printing 105 4.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 105 4.5.5 Flame Retardant Finishing 105 4.6 Conclusion 109 References 109 5 Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Textile Industry 117Rizwan Arif , Sapana Jadoun and Anurakshee Verma 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 119 5.2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nano-Fibers 119 5.2.2 Preparation of Polyethylene Glycol Capped Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 120 5.2.3 Preparation of Silk Textile Nano-Composite Materials of TiO2 Nanoparticles 122 5.3 Synthesis of Nano-Fiber-Based Hydrogels (NFHGs) 122 5.3.1 Electrospinning 123 5.3.2 Weaving 123 5.3.3 Freeze Drying 124 5.3.4 3D Printing 124 5.4 Application of Nano Textiles 124 5.5 Conclusion 130 References 131 6 Modification of Textiles via Nanomaterials and Their Applications 135Sapana Jadoun, Anurakshee Verma and Rizwan Arif 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Nanotextiles and Its Properties 137 6.3 Modification of Textiles via Nanoparticles 138 6.3.1 Modification via Silver Nanoparticle 139 6.3.2 Modification via Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle 143 6.3.3 Modification via Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle 144 6.3.4 Modification via Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles 144 6.3.5 Modification via Polymer Nanoparticles 146 6.4 Applications 146 6.5 Conclusion 147 References 148 7 UV Protection via Nanomaterials 153Kunal Singha, Subhankar Maity and Pintu Pandit 7.1 Introduction 154 7.1.1 Different Types of Nano-Finishing on Textile Materials 154 7.1.1.1 UV Protection 154 7.1.1.2 Nano-Silver (Ag) (Antimicrobial Activity) 155 7.1.1.3 Water Repellence Finishing 155 7.1.1.4 Self-Cleaning or “Lotus Effect” 155 7.1.1.5 New-Age Nano-Finishing on Textile Materials Nano-Care 156 7.2 Zinc Oxide Particle (ZnO) Physical Properties 156 7.2.1 Chemical Properties 156 7.2.2 Nanophase ZnO 157 7.2.3 TiO2 Structure and Properties 157 7.2.3.1 TiO2 Nanoparticle 157 7.3 UV Protective Applications 157 7.3.1 Nanocoating of ZnO–TiO2 on Textile Fabric 158 7.3.2 Polymer Dispersion Methods of Nanocoating 158 7.4 Applications as UV Absorber and Sunscreen 159 7.4.1 Nanomaterials Used in UV Protective Finishing 159 7.5 Nano-ZnO-TiO2 Finishing 161 7.5.1 Mechanism of UV Protection 162 7.5.2 UV Protection Through Nano-Finishing of Textiles 162 7.6 Evaluation of UV Protection Finishes 163 7.7 Conclusions 164 References 165 8 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Modified Textile Nanomaterials 167Anurakshee Verma, Rizwan Arif and Sapana Jadoun 8.1 Introduction of Textile Nanomaterials 167 8.2 Synthesis of Textiles Nanomaterials 168 8.2.1 Synthesis via Hydrothermal Method 169 8.2.2 Synthesis via Solvo-Thermal Method 169 8.2.3 Synthesis via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 169 8.2.4 Synthesis via Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Method 170 8.2.5 Synthesis via Template Method 170 8.2.6 Synthesis via Conventional Sol–Gel Method 170 8.2.7 Synthesis via Microwave Method 170 8.2.8 Synthesis via Fabrication Process 170 8.3 Characterization 171 8.3.1 Microscopic Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials 172 8.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 172 8.3.1.2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 172 8.3.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 173 8.3.1.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 174 8.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials 175 8.3.2.1 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy 175 8.3.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 175 8.3.2.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 175 8.3.3 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials by X-Ray 176 8.3.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) 176 8.3.3.2 Wide Angle X-Ray Diffraction 176 8.3.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 176 8.3.3.4 Particle Size Analyzer 177 8.3.4 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterial by Some Other Technique 178 8.3.4.1 Physical Testing 178 8.3.4.2 Determination of Recovery Angle and Tensile Properties 178 8.3.4.3 Determination of Absorbency by Wicking Test and Bending Length 179 8.3.4.4 Evaluation of Water and Air Permeability 179 8.4 Application of Textiles Nanomaterials 179 8.4.1 Application Based on Properties of Textile Material 179 8.4.1.1 Anti-Bacterial Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 179 8.4.1.2 UV Protective Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 180 8.4.1.3 Water Repellence Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 180 8.4.1.4 Anti-Static Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 180 8.4.1.5 Flame Retardant Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 180 8.4.1.6 Wrinkle-Free Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 181 8.4.1.7 Self-Cleaning Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 181 8.4.1.8 Economical and Environmental Aspects of Textile Nanomaterial 181 8.4.2 Application in Textile Industry 182 8.4.2.1 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Swimming Costume 182 8.4.2.2 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Sports Goods 182 8.4.2.3 Textile Nanomaterial Used Inflexible Electronic Circuit 182 8.4.2.4 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Lifestyle 182 8.5 Current Trends and Future Prospects 183 8.6 Conclusion 183 References 184 9 Biomaterials-Based Nanogenerator: Futuristic Solution for Integration Into Smart Textiles 189S. Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi and Pramod Shankar 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Biomaterial-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator 191 9.2.1 Cellulose-Based 191 9.2.2 Collagen-Based 194 9.2.3 Protein-Based 197 9.3 Conclusion 198 Acknowledgment 199 References 199 10 Textiles in Solar Cell Applications 203Khursheed Ahmad 10.1 Introduction 203 10.2 Basic Principle and Types of Solar Cells 205 10.3 Textiles in Solar Cells 206 10.3.1 Textiles in Perovskite Solar Cells 206 10.3.2 Textiles in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 210 10.4 Conclusion 212 References 213 11 Multifunctionalizations of Textile Materials Highlighted by Unconventional Dyeing 219Vasilica Popescu 11.1 Introduction 220 11.2 Functionalization of Textile Materials: Functionalization Techniques 220 11.3 PAN: Functionalization/Multifunctionalization by Chemical Treatments 223 11.3.1 Dyeing of Functionalized Acrylic Fibers with Different Reagents 229 11.3.2 Functionalization of PAN-M with Basic Reagents 230 11.3.3 Dyeing of PAN-M Functionalized with Basic Reagents 238 11.4 Multi-Functionalization of Acrylic Fiber by Grafting with Polyfunctional Agents 244 11.4.1 Multifunctionalization of PAN Fiber with Chitosan 244 11.4.1.1 Multifunctionalization of PAN-M Fiber with Chitosan by Means of Electrostatical Bonding 245 11.4.1.2 Multifunctionalization PAN-M Fiber with Chitosan via Covalent Bonds 247 11.4.1.3 Multifunction of PAN Fiber with MCT-β-CD 248 11.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate: Functionalization Ways 249 11.5.1 Functionalization of PET with Basic Reagents 250 11.5.1.1 Dyeing of PET Functionalized with Agents Having Basic Character 253 11.5.2 PET Functionalization with Alcohols 255 11.5.2.1 Multifunctionalized PET Dyeing with Alcohols 257 11.5.3 PET-Multifunctionalization with MCT-β-CD 260 11.5.4 Functionalization of the PET Surface with Plasma Treatment 261 11.5.4.1 Dyeing of PET Functionalized by Means of Plasma and Grafting with Polyfunctional Compounds 264 11.6 Cotton: Multifunctionalization Ways 266 11.6.1 Surface Activation with Plasma Followed by Grafting with Polyfunctional Compounds 267 11.6.1.1 Dyeing of Multifunctionalized Cotton by Plasma and Grafting Treatments 269 11.6.2 Alkyl Chitosan Grafting on Cotton 269 11.6.2.1 Dyeing of Cotton Grafted with Alkyl Chitosans 273 11.6.3 Multifunctionalization of Cotton with Polyfunctional Compounds and Unconventional Dyeing 275 11.6.3.1 Functionalization of Cotton with Tetronic 701 and Chitosan 275 11.6.3.2 Functionalization of Cotton with a Tetrol (Tetronic 701) and MCT-β-CD 277 11.6.3.3 Successive Functionalization of Cotton with a Tetrol (Tetronic 701), Chitosan, and MCT-β-CD 277 11.6.4 Multifunctionalization of Cotton with Carbonyl Compounds and MCT-β-CD 278 11.7 Conclusions 279 References 280 12 Advanced Dyeing or Functional Finishing 291Kunal Singha, Subhankar Maity and Pintu Pandit 12.1 Introduction 292 12.2 Mechanism of Dyeing by Phase Separation 293 12.3 Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Techniques 293 12.3.1 Ultrasound Technology 293 12.3.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Technology 294 12.3.3 Ozone Technology 294 12.3.4 Plasma Technology/Ion Implantation Technology 295 12.3.5 Gamma Radiation Technology 295 12.3.6 Laser Technology 296 12.3.7 Microwave Technology 296 12.3.8 E-Beam Radiation Technology/Mass-Analyzed Ion Implantation 296 12.3.9 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (Sc. CO2) Technology 296 12.4 Applications of Ultrasonics in Textiles 297 12.4.1 Principle of Ultrasound Dyeing Technique 298 12.4.2 Basic Design of the Ultrasound Dyeing Instrument Developed by SASMIRA, India 299 12.4.3 Different Section of the Machine 299 12.4.4 K/S Value 300 12.4.5 Dye Uptake 301 12.4.6 Comparison of Ultrasound Dyeing Technique with the Conventional Dyeing Technique for Various Textile Materials 301 12.4.7 Dyeing of Polyester by Disperse Dye 303 12.5 Conclusions 304 References 305 13 Plasma and Other Irradiation Technologies Application in Textile 309Kartick K. Samanta, S. Basak and Pintu Pandit 13.1 Introduction 310 13.2 Plasma Treatment of Textile 312 13.3 Optical Properties of Plasma 314 13.4 Improvement in Hydrophobic Attribute 316 13.4.1 Surface Chemistry of Hydrophobic Textile 317 13.5 Improvement in Liquid Absorbency and Coloration 320 13.6 Plasma Treatment of Protein Fiber 322 13.6.1 On Silk Fiber 322 13.6.2 On Wool Fabric 324 13.7 UV Irradiation 325 13.8 Laser Irradiation 326 13.9 Electron Beam Irradiation 327 13.10 Summary 327 References 328 14 Bio-Mordants in Conjunction With Sustainable Radiation Tools for Modification of Dyeing of Natural Fibers 335Shahid Adeel, Shumaila Kiran, Tanvir Ahmad, Noman Habib, Kinza Tariq and Muhammad Hussaan 14.1 Natural Dyes 336 14.2 Health and Environmental Aspects 336 14.3 Isolation Process 336 14.3.1 Conventional Methods 337 14.3.2 Modern Methods 337 14.4 Role of US and MW in Isolation 337 14.5 Fabric Chemistry 338 14.6 Shade Development Process 338 14.6.1 Chemical Mordant 339 14.6.2 Bio-Mordant 339 14.7 Arjun 340 14.8 Neem 340 14.9 Coconut 340 14.10 Harmal 340 14.11 Recent Advances 341 Acknowledgments 344 References 344 Index 349

This novel book deals with smart materials and state-of-the-art technologies that can be utilized for the value-addition, advancement, and functionalization of textile materials. Advancing conventional techniques with green and sustainable products that replace the harmful compounds in textile processing and the quest for advanced materials for functionalization of textiles are currently very much underway. The book Frontiers of Textile Materials: Polymers, Nanomaterials, Enzymes, and Advanced Modification Techniques cover various research areas dealing with modification of textile materials, manufacturing and finishing. The first few chapters explore polymers and polymer coatings, enzymes and nanomaterials for the textile industry, fabrication and characterization, as well as application of textiles and functionalities achieved on them. Two of the chapters focus on flexible electronics dealing with the incorporation of nanogenerators and solar cells into the matrix of textiles to design wearables. Further chapters discuss advanced dyeing and dyeing materials (biomordants, plasma and irradiation technologies) for sustainable and eco-friendly coloration. Audience Researchers, engineers in the textile industry, textile chemistry and dyeing, chemical engineering, environmental science, and materials science as well as graduate and postgraduate students, will find this book invaluable.