Biographical note

Fei Tao is a Professor at the School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China. His research interests are service-oriented smart manufacturing, manufacturing service management and optimization, digital twin driven product design/manufacturing/service, green and sustainable manufacturing. Dr. Liu's research interests include innovative design thinking, design theory and methodology, intelligent manufacturing, technology-enhanced learning, and engineering design education. He is also a Research Affiliate of the International Academy of Production Engineering (CIRP). Dr Hu’s research interests include the modeling of machine tools, digital twins, and industrial internet of things. A.Y.C. Nee is Professor Emeritus in Manufacturing Engineering at the National University of Singapore. His research interests include the use of AI, virtual and augmented reality applications in manufacturing, sustainable product design and life cycle engineering, and computer aided manufacturing design. He is Fellow of CIRP, Fellow of SME and Fellow of the Academy of Engineering Singapore.