Explores and identifies the main issues, concepts, principles and evolution of software testing, including software quality engineering and testing concepts, test data generation, test deployment analysis, and software test management. This book introduces software testing in the broader context of software engineering and more.

Preface xiv Part I Introduction to Software Testing 1 1 Software Engineering: A Discipline Like No Other 3 1.1 A Young, Restless Discipline 3 1.2 An Industry Under Stress 5 1.3 Large, Complex Products 5 1.4 Expensive Products 7 1.5 Absence of Reuse Practice 9 1.6 Fault-Prone Designs 9 1.7 Paradoxical Economics 10 1.7.1 A Labor-Intensive Industry 10 1.7.2 Absence of Automation 11 1.7.3 Limited Quality Control 11 1.7.4 Unbalanced Lifecycle Costs 12 1.7.5 Unbalanced Maintenance Costs 12 1.8 Chapter Summary 13 1.9 Bibliographic Notes 13 2 Software Quality Attributes 14 2.1 Functional Attributes 15 2.1.1 Boolean Attributes 15 2.1.2 Statistical Attributes 15 2.2 Operational Attributes 17 2.3 Usability Attributes 18 2.4 Business Attributes 19 2.5 Structural Attributes 20 2.6 Chapter Summary 21 2.7 Exercises 21 2.8 Bibliographic Notes 22 3 A Software Testing Lifecycle 23 3.1 A Software Engineering Lifecycle 23 3.2 A Software Testing Lifecycle 27 3.3 The V-Model of Software Testing 32 3.4 Chapter Summary 33 3.5 Bibliographic Notes 34 Part II Foundations of Software Testing 35 4 Software Specifications 37 4.1 Principles of Sound Specification 38 4.1.1 A Discipline of Specification 38 4.2 Relational Mathematics 39 4.2.1 Sets and Relations 39 4.2.2 Operations on Relations 39 4.2.3 Properties of Relations 41 4.3 Simple Input Output Programs 42 4.3.1 Representing Specifications 42 4.3.2 Ordering Specifications 46 4.3.3 Specification Generation 48 4.3.4 Specification Validation 53 4.4 Reliability Versus Safety 60 4.5 State-based Systems 61 4.5.1 A Relational Model 62 4.5.2 Axiomatic Representation 64 4.5.3 Specification Validation 70 4.6 Chapter Summary 72 4.7 Exercises 72 4.8 Problems 76 4.9 Bibliographic Notes 78 5 Program Correctness and Verification 79 5.1 Correctness: A Definition 80 5.2 Correctness: Propositions 83 5.2.1 Correctness and Refinement 83 5.2.2 Set Theoretic Characterizations 85 5.2.3 Illustrations 86 5.3 Verification 88 5.3.1 Sample Formulas 89 5.3.2 An Inference System 91 5.3.3 Illustrative Examples 94 5.4 Chapter Summary 98 5.5 Exercises 99 5.6 Problems 100 5.7 Bibliographic Notes 100 6 Failures, Errors, and Faults 101 6.1 Failure, Error, and Fault 101 6.2 Faults and Relative Correctness 103 6.2.1 Fault, an Evasive Concept 103 6.2.2 Relative Correctness 104 6.3 Contingent Faults and Definite Faults 107 6.3.1 Contingent Faults 107 6.3.2 Monotonic Fault Removal 109 6.3.3 A Framework for Monotonic Fault Removal 114 6.3.4 Definite Faults 114 6.4 Fault Management 116 6.4.1 Lines of Defense 116 6.4.2 Hybrid Validation 118 6.5 Chapter Summary 121 6.6 Exercises 122 6.7 Problems 123 6.8 Bibliographic Notes 124 7 A Software Testing Taxonomy 125 7.1 The Trouble with Hyphenated Testing 125 7.2 A Classification Scheme 126 7.2.1 Primary Attributes 127 7.2.2 Secondary Attributes 131 7.3 Testing Taxonomy 136 7.3.1 Unit-Level Testing 136 7.3.2 System-Level Testing 138 7.4 Exercises 139 7.5 Bibliographic Notes 140 Part III Test Data Generation 141 8 Test Generation Concepts 143 8.1 Test Generation and Target Attributes 143 8.2 Test Outcomes 146 8.3 Test Generation Requirements 148 8.4 Test Generation Criteria 152 8.5 Empirical Adequacy Assessment 155 8.6 Chapter Summary 160 8.7 Exercises 161 8.8 Bibliographic Notes 162 8.9 Appendix: Mutation Program 163 9 Functional Criteria 165 9.1 Domain Partitioning 165 9.2 Test Data Generation from Tabular Expressions 171 9.3 Test Generation for State Based Systems 176 9.4 Random Test Data Generation 184 9.5 Tourism as a Metaphor for Test Data Selection 188 9.6 Chapter Summary 190 9.7 Exercises 190 9.8 Bibliographic Notes 192 10 Structural Criteria 193 10.1 Paths and Path Conditions 194 10.1.1 Execution Paths 194 10.1.2 Path Functions 196 10.1.3 Path Conditions 201 10.2 Control Flow Coverage 202 10.2.1 Statement Coverage 202 10.2.2 Branch Coverage 204 10.2.3 Condition Coverage 207 10.2.4 Path Coverage 209 10.3 Data Flow Coverage 214 10.3.1 Definitions and Uses 214 10.3.2 Test Generation Criteria 217 10.3.3 A Hierarchy of Criteria 220 10.4 Fault-Based Test Generation 220 10.4.1 Sensitizing Faults 221 10.4.2 Selecting Input Data for Fault Sensitization 225 10.4.3 Selecting Input Data for Error Propagation 227 10.5 Chapter Summary 228 10.6 Exercises 229 10.7 Bibliographic Notes 232 Part IV Test Deployment and Analysis 233 11 Test Oracle Design 235 11.1 Dilemmas of Oracle Design 235 11.2 From Specifications to Oracles 238 11.3 Oracles for State-Based Products 242 11.3.1 From Axioms to Oracles 243 11.3.2 From Rules to Oracles 244 11.4 Chapter Summary 250 11.5 Exercises 251 12 Test Driver Design 253 12.1 Selecting a Specification 253 12.2 Selecting a Process 255 12.3 Selecting a Specification Model 257 12.3.1 Random Test Generation 257 12.3.2 Pre-Generated Test Data 263 12.3.3 Faults and Fault Detection 266 12.4 Testing by Symbolic Execution 269 12.5 Chapter Summary 274 12.6 Exercises 275 12.7 Bibliographic Notes 279 13 Test Outcome Analysis 280 13.1 Logical Claims 281 13.1.1 Concrete Testing 281 13.1.2 Symbolic Testing 282 13.1.3 Concolic Testing 283 13.2 Stochastic Claims: Fault Density 284 13.3 Stochastic Claims: Failure Probability 287 13.3.1 Faults are Not Created Equal 287 13.3.2 Defining/Quantifying Reliability 289 13.3.3 Modeling Software Reliability 291 13.3.4 Certification Testing 294 13.3.5 Reliability Estimation and Reliability Improvement 295 13.3.6 Reliability Standards 299 13.3.7 Reliability as an Economic Function 300 13.4 Chapter Summary 307 13.5 Exercises 308 13.6 Problems 310 13.7 Bibliographic Notes 310 Part V Management of Software Testing 311 14 Metrics for Software Testing 313 14.1 Fault Proneness 314 14.1.1 Cyclomatic Complexity 315 14.1.2 Volume 316 14.2 Fault Detectability 317 14.3 Error Detectability 320 14.4 Error Maskability 323 14.5 Failure Avoidance 324 14.6 Failure Tolerance 326 14.7 An Illustrative Example 327 14.7.1 Cyclomatic Complexity 327 14.7.2 Volume 328 14.7.3 State Redundancy 328 14.7.4 Functional Redundancy 328 14.7.5 Non-injectivity 329 14.7.6 Non-determinacy 329 14.7.7 Summary 330 14.8 Chapter Summary 330 14.9 Exercises 331 14.10 Bibliographic Notes 332 15 Software Testing Tools 333 15.1 A Classification Scheme 333 15.2 Scripting Tools 334 15.2.1 CppTest 334 15.2.2 SilkTest 335 15.3 Record-and-Replay Tools 336 15.3.1 TestComplete 336 15.3.2 Selenium IDE 337 15.4 Performance-Testing Tools 338 15.4.1 LoadRunner 338 15.4.2 Grinder 339 15.4.3 QF-Test 340 15.4.4 Appvance PerformanceCloud 340 15.4.5 JMeter 341 15.5 Oracle Design Tools 342 15.5.1 JUnit 342 15.5.2 TestNG 343 15.6 Exception Discovery 343 15.6.1 Rational Purify 343 15.6.2 Astree 344 15.7 Collaborative Tools 345 15.7.1 FitNesse 345 15.8 Chapter Summary 345 16 Testing Product Lines 347 16.1 PLE: A Streamlined Reuse Model 347 16.2 Testing Issues 351 16.3 Testing Approaches 353 16.4 Illustration 354 16.4.1 Domain Analysis 354 16.4.2 Domain Modeling 356 16.4.3 A Reference Architecture 359 16.4.4 Domain Implementation 360 16.4.5 Testing at Domain Engineering 365 16.4.6 Testing at Application Engineering 369 16.5 Chapter Summary 372 16.6 Exercises 372 16.7 Problems 372 16.8 Bibliographic References 373 Bibliography 374 Index 377

This book explores and identifies the main issues, concepts, principles and evolution of software testing, including software quality engineering and testing concepts, test data generation, test deployment, test outcome analysis, and software test management This book examines the principles, concepts, and processes that are fundamental to the software testing function. This book is divided into five broad parts. Part 1 introduces software testing in the broader context of software engineering and explores the qualities that testing aims to achieve or ascertain, as well as the lifecycle of software testing. Part 2 covers mathematical foundations of software testing, which include software specification, program correctness and verification, concepts of software dependability, and a software testing taxonomy. Part 3 discusses test data generation, specifically, functional criteria and structural criteria. Test oracle design, test driver design, and test outcome analysis are covered in Part 4. Finally, Part 5 surveys managerial aspects of software testing, including software metrics, software testing tools, and software product line testing. Presents software testing, not as an isolated technique, but as part of an integrated discipline of software verification and validationProposes program testing and program correctness verification within the same mathematical model, making it possible to deploy the two techniques in concert, by virtue of the law of diminishing returnsDefines the concept of a software fault and the related concept of relative correctness, and shows how relative correctness can be used to characterize monotonic fault removalPresents the activity of software testing as a goal-oriented activity and explores how the conduct of the test depends on the selected goalCovers all phases of the software testing lifecycle, including test data generation, test oracle design, test driver design, and test outcome analysis Software Testing: Concepts and Operations is a great resource for software quality and software engineering students because it presents them with fundamentals that help them to prepare for their ever evolving discipline.