A vivid and comprehensive picture of the current state of research in all directions of logic and philosophy of science. The book presents a wide combination of papers containing relevant technical results in the foundations of science and papers devoted to conceptual analyses, deeply rooted in advanced present-day research.

I: Epistemology and Philosophy of Language.- Realism, Idealism, and General Terms.- From Formal Machine to Social Colony: Toward a Complex Dynamical Philosophy of Science.- Observation and Reliable Detection.- Conceptual Idealism and Stove’s Gem.- Holism in Artifical Intelligence.- II: Philosophy of Probability.- Model Selection for Causal Theories.- Nonstandard Analysis and a Classification of Probability Spaces.- Some Remarks on Objective Chance (F.P. Ramsey, K.R. Popper and N.R. Campbell).- Misapprehensions about Significance Tests and Bayesianism.- III: Philosophy and Foundations of Physics.- The Quantum Probabilistic Approach to the Foundations of Quantum Theory: Urns and Chamaleons.- The Creation-Discovery-View: Towards a Possible Explanation of Quantum Reality.- Virtual Reality: Consequences of No-Go Theorems for the Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.- Is Chaos Indeterministic?.- Wormholes and Timelike Curves: Is There Room for the Grandfather Paradox?.- John von Neumann met Kurt Gödel: Undecidable Statements in Quantum Mechanics.- Set-Theoretical Models for Quantum Systems.- Non-Ideal Measurements and Physical Possibility in Quantum Mechanics.- Time, Relativity, and the Spatiality of Mental Events.- Bell-Type Inequalities and Orthomodular Lattices.- An Informal Presentation of Semantic Realism and Its Solution of Quantum Paradoxes.- Individualistic Versus Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.- The Locality Scandal of Quantum Mechanics.- Uncertainty and Dependence in Classical and Quantum Logic — the Role of Triangular Norms.- Quantum Logics and Quantum Measurements.- Attempt at the Logical Explanation of the Wave-particle duality.- IV: History of Science.- The Bohr-Einstein Photon Box Debate.- Kantianism and Physics from the 19th to the20th Century.- V: Science and Music.- Epimoric Ratios and Greek Musical Theory.- Music and Science.

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