Supercomputing is an important science and technology that enables the scientist or the engineer to simulate numerically very complex physical phenomena related to large-scale scientific, industrial and military applications. It presents key research issues related to: - hardware systems, architecture and performance;

1 Introduction.- Supercomputing: Key Issues and Challenges.- 2 Supercomputing Centers.- Supercomputing Facilities for the 1990s.- Research and Development in the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Program.- Supercomputing at KFA Juelich: Experiences and Applications on CRAY X-MP.- Supercomputing: Experience with Operational Parallel Processing.- The Evolving Supercomputer Environment at the San Diego Supercomputer Center.- 3 Supercomputer Architecture.- SUPRENUM: Architecture and Applications.- Advanced Architecture and Technology of the NEC SX-3 Supercomputer.- 4 Programming Tools and Scheduling.- Process Scheduling: Parallel Languages Versus Operating Systems.- SARA: A Cray Assembly Language Speedup Tool.- Modeling the Memory of the Cray 2 for Compile Time Optimization.- On the Parallelization of Sequential Programs.- 5 User Environments and Visualization.- The Role of Graphics Super-Workstations in a Supercomputing Environment.- Issues in Scientific Visualization.- 6 Requirements and Performance.- Requirements for Multidisciplinary Design of Aerospace Vehicles on High Performance Computers.- Supercomputer Performance Evaluation: The PERFECT Benchmarks.- Measurements of Problem-Related Performance Parameters.- 7 Methods and Algorithms.- A Parallel Iterative Method for Solving 3-D Elliptic Partial Differential Equations.- Solving Linear Equations by Extrapolation.- Super Parallel Algorithms.- Vectorization and Parallelization of Transport Monte Carlo Simulation Codes.- Very Large Database Applications of the Connection Machine System.- Data Structures for Parallel Computation on Shared-Memory Machines.- Parallel Evaluation of some Recurrence Relations by Recursive Doubling.- An Asynchronous Newton-Raphson Method.- 8 Networking.- Interconnection Networks for Highly Parallel Supercomputing Architectures.- Computer Networking for Interactive Supercomputing.- 9 Storage.- You’re Not Waiting, You’re Doing I/O.- Appendix Report from Trondheim: Trends and Needs in Supercomputing B. Buzbee.- Presenters.