Preface to Fourth Edition xiv Preface to the Third Edition xv Biographies xvi 1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Approach 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Concepts 1 1.2.1 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 1 1.2.2 Sedimentary Environments and Facies 2 1.2.2.1 Facies 2 1.2.2.2 Facies Models 2 1.2.3 Controls on Deposition: Tectonics, Climate and Sea Level 3 1.2.3.1 Climate 4 1.2.3.2 Sea Level 4 1.2.4 Stratigraphic Practice 5 1.2.5 Sequence Stratigraphy 7 1.2.5.1 Introduction 7 1.2.5.2 Accommodation and Sedimentation Rates 7 1.2.5.3 Scale and Order 8 1.2.5.4 Stratigraphic Sequences, Key Surfaces, Systems Tracts 8 1.2.5.5 Metre-Scale Cycles, High-Frequency Sequences, Parasequences 11 1.2.6 Diagenesis 13 1.3 Methodology 13 1.3.1 In the Field 13 1.3.2 In the Laboratory 15 1.3.3 The Sedimentological Literature 17 Further Reading 18 2 Siliciclastic Sediments I: Sandstones, Conglomerates and Breccias 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Sediment Texture 19 2.2.1 Grain Size and Grain-size Parameters 21 2.2.1.1 Interpretation and Use of Grain-size Analyses 26 2.2.2 Grain Morphology 27 2.2.3 Grain-surface Texture 28 2.2.4 Grain Fabric 29 2.2.5 Textural Maturity 30 2.3 Sedimentary Structures 31 2.3.1 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 31 2.3.2 Depositional Sedimentary Structures 34 2.3.2.1 Sediment Transport and Aqueous Flows 34 Contents 0005399227.INDD 7 12-29-2022 11:54:51 viii Contents 2.3.2.2 Bedding and Lamination 39 2.3.2.3 Current Ripples, Dunes and Cross-Stratification 40 2.3.2.4 Flaser and Lenticular Bedding 44 2.3.2.5 Antidunes and Antidune Bedding 45 2.3.2.6 Wave-formed Ripples and Cross-Lamination 45 2.3.2.7 Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS) 46 2.3.2.8 Wind Ripples, Dunes, Draas and Aeolian Cross-bedding 47 2.3.2.9 Graded Bedding 50 2.3.2.10 Mudcracks: Desiccation and Syneresis 51 2.3.3 Post-depositional Sedimentary Structures 52 2.3.4 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 56 2.4 Palaeocurrent Analysis 60 2.4.1 Palaeocurrent Indicators 61 2.5 Detrital Components of Siliciclastic Sediments 63 2.5.1 Rock Fragments 64 2.5.2 Quartz 65 2.5.3 Feldspars 67 2.5.4 Micas 69 2.5.5 Clay Minerals 69 2.5.6 Heavy Minerals 70 2.5.7 Other Detrital Components 71 2.5.8 Compositional Maturity 71 2.6 Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments 72 2.6.1 Classification of Sandstones 72 2.6.2 Conglomerates and Breccias 75 2.6.2.1 Composition and Textures of Conglomerates 75 2.7 Petrography and Origin of Principal Sandstone Types 77 2.7.1 Quartz Arenites 77 2.7.2 Arkoses 79 2.7.3 Litharenites 79 2.7.4 Greywackes 79 2.8 Sandstone Composition, Provenance and Tectonic Setting 82 2.9 Sandstone Diagenesis 84 2.9.1 Compaction and Pressure Dissolution 86 2.9.2 Silica Cementation 88 2.9.3 Carbonate Cementation 91 2.9.4 Feldspar Authigenesis 93 2.9.5 Clay-mineral Authigenesis 93 2.9.6 Hematite Cementation and Pigmentation: Red Beds 97 2.9.7 Diagenetic Environments and Sequences 98 2.9.8 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 102 2.9.9 CO2 Sequestration into Sandstone Reservoirs 104 2.10 Porosity and Permeability 104 2.11 Sediment Routing Systems 108 2.12 Depositional Environments of Sandstones and Coarser Clastics 110 2.12.1 Fluvial Systems and Facies 110 2.12.1.1 Alluvial Fan Facies 111 2.12.1.2 Meandering-stream Facies 117 2.12.1.3 Anastomosing-stream Facies 119 2.12.2 Desert Environments and Aeolian Sand Facies 121 2.12.3 Lacustrine Environments and Sandy Facies 122 2.12.4 Deltaic Environments and Facies 124 0005399227.INDD 8 12-29-2022 11:54:51 Contents ix 2.12.4.1 River-dominated Deltas 127 2.12.4.2 Wave-dominated Deltas 128 2.12.4.3 Tide-dominated Deltas 129 2.12.4.4 Ancient Deltas 130 2.12.4.5 Fan Deltas 130 2.12.5 Marine Shoreline Environments and Facies 131 2.12.5.1 Beach-barrier Island and Strandplain Systems 131 2.12.5.2 Tidal Flats 135 2.12.5.3 Estuaries and Incised Valleys 135 2.12.6 Shallow-marine Shelves, Epeiric Seas and Their Facies 136 2.12.6.1 Tidal Bedforms and Sand Sheets 136 2.12.6.2 Tidal Sand Banks 138 2.12.6.3 Non-tidal Offshore Sand Bodies 138 2.12.7 Continental Margins and Deep-water Basins 139 2.12.8 Glacial Environments 146 2.13 Facies Sequences, Controls and Sequence Stratigraphy 148 2.13.1 Facies Sequences and Controls 148 2.13.2 Sequence Stratigraphy 149 References 151 Further Reading 164 3 Siliciclastic Sediments II: Mudrocks 166 3.1 Introduction 166 3.2 Textures and Structures of Mudrocks 166 3.2.1 Nodules and Concretions 169 3.3 The Colour of Mudrocks 173 3.4 Mineral Constituents of Mudrocks 173 3.4.1 Clay Minerals 174 3.4.2 Quartz 177 3.4.3 Organic Matter 177 3.4.4 Other Constituents 177 3.5 The Formation and Distribution of Clay Minerals in Modern Sediments 179 3.6 Diagenesis of Clay Minerals and Mudrocks 181 3.6.1 Early (Shallow) Diagenesis 181 3.6.2 Burial (Deeper) Diagenesis 184 3.7 Mudrocks and Their Depositional Environments 186 3.7.1 Residual Mudrocks and Soils 187 3.7.2 Detrital Mudrocks 189 3.7.2.1 Non-marine Mudrocks 189 3.7.2.2 Marine Mudrocks 190 3.7.2.3 Organic-rich Mudrocks and Black Shales 192 3.7.2.4 Shale Gas 193 3.7.2.5 Mud Diapirism and Mud Volcanoes 194 3.7.2.6 Loess and Loessite 195 3.7.3 Mudrocks of Volcaniclastic Origin 197 3.7.4 Temporal (and Spatial) Variations in Mudrock Sequences 197 References 198 Further Reading 203 4 Carbonate Sediments: Limestones and Dolomites 204 4.1 Introduction 204 4.2 Techniques for the Study of Carbonate Sediments 205 0005399227.INDD 9 12-29-2022 11:54:52 x Contents 4.2.1 In the Field 205 4.2.2 The Petrographic Study of Carbonates 205 4.2.3 Isotopes and Trace Elements 207 4.3 Mineralogy of Carbonate Sediments 209 4.4 Carbonate Production and Factories 210 4.4.1 Carbonate Factories 211 4.4.2 Controls on Carbonate Production and Deposition 212 4.5 Components of Carbonate Rocks 214 4.5.1 Non-skeletal Grains 214 4.5.1.1 Ooids and Pisoids 214 4.5.1.2 Ancient Marine Ooids 217 4.5.1.3 Origin of Ooids and Seawater Chemistry Through Time 217 4.5.1.4 Peloids 219 4.5.1.5 Aggregates and Intraclasts 220 4.5.2 Skeletal Components (excluding Algae and Microbes) 220 4.5.2.1 Mollusca 221 4.5.2.2 Brachiopods 224 4.5.2.3 Cnidaria (especially Corals) 225 4.5.2.4 Echinodermata 226 4.5.2.5 Bryozoa 226 4.5.2.6 Foraminifera 227 4.5.2.7 Other Carbonate-forming Organisms 228 4.5.3 The Contribution of Microbes to Carbonates 230 4.5.3.1 Rhodophyta (Red Algae) 230 4.5.3.2 Chlorophyta (Green Algae) 231 4.5.3.3 Chrysophyta (Yellow-green Algae, Coccoliths) 232 4.5.3.4 Calcified Cyanobacteria and Algae (Calcimicrobes) 232 4.5.3.5 Micrite Envelopes and Microbial Micritisation 233 4.5.3.6 Microbialites: Stromatolites, Thrombolites and Oncoids 233 4.5.4 Lime Mud and Micrite 238 4.6 Classification of Limestones 239 4.6.1 Classification Schemes 239 4.6.2 Carbonate Microfacies and Standard Microfacies Types (SMF) 241 4.7 Limestone Grain Size and Texture 243 4.8 Sedimentary Structures of Limestones 244 4.8.1 Bedding Planes, Hardgrounds, Tepees and Palaeokarstic Surfaces 244 4.8.2 Current and Wave Structures 247 4.8.3 Cavity Structures 248 4.9 Carbonate Diagenesis 251 4.9.1 Marine Diagenesis 252 4.9.1.1 Marine Diagenesis in Recent Carbonate Sediments 252 4.9.1.2 Marine Diagenesis in Ancient Limestones 256 4.9.1.3 Discussion of Marine Cements 259 4.9.2 Meteoric Diagenesis 260 4.9.2.1 Ancient Meteoric Calcite Cements 262 4.9.3 Calcite Spar: A Meteoric and Burial Cement 263 4.9.3.1 Origin of Calcite Spar 264 4.9.4 Neomorphism (Recrystallisation) 264 4.9.4.1 Microspar–pseudospar; Aggrading Neomorphism 265 4.9.4.2 Calcitisation of Aragonite Grains and Cements 266 4.9.4.3 Degrading Neomorphism 266 4.9.5 Modelling Limestone Diagenesis 266 0005399227.INDD 10 12-29-2022 11:54:52 Contents xi 4.9.6 Compaction 266 4.9.6.1 Differential Compaction 268 4.10 Dolomitisation and Dedolomitisation 269 4.10.1 Dolomites: Nature and Occurrence 269 4.10.2 Origin of Dolomites and Dolomitisation Models 274 4.10.2.1 Modern Dolomites 274 4.10.2.2 Ancient Dolomites 275 4.10.2.3 Seawater Dolomitisation 276 4.10.2.4 Burial Dolomitisation and Hydrothermal Dolomite (HTD) 277 4.10.3 Modelling Dolomitisation 278 4.10.4 Dedolomitisation (Calcitisation of Dolomite) 279 4.11 Silicification of Limestones 281 4.12 Porosity in Carbonate Sediments 281 4.12.1 Carbonate Paragenesis and Burial History Plots 283 4.13 Carbonate Depositional Environments and Facies 283 4.13.1 Non-marine Carbonate Sediments 283 4.13.1.1 Lacustrine Limestones 284 4.13.1.2 Pedogenic Carbonates: Calcrete and Dolocrete 286 4.13.1.3 Spring Carbonates: Tufa and Travertine 289 4.13.2 Marine Carbonates and Carbonate Platforms 291 4.13.3 Shelf and Ramp Systems: Facies Belts and Standard Microfacies 293 4.13.4 Intertidal–supratidal Carbonates 293 4.13.5 Lagoonal Limestones 294 4.13.6 Intertidal–subtidal Carbonate Sand Bodies and Storm Deposits 295 4.13.7 Offshore Shelf-ramp Carbonates: Storm Deposits, Internalites, Limestone-Mud/ Marl Alternations (Ribbon Rocks) 297 4.13.7.1 Storm Beds and Banks 297 4.13.8 Reefs and Carbonate Buildups 298 4.13.8.1 Reefs as Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 301 4.13.9 Pelagic Limestones 301 4.13.10 Resedimented Deeper-water Limestones 303 4.14 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy and Forward Modelling 306 4.14.1 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Shelves 306 4.14.2 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Ramps 308 4.14.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Mixed Siliciclastic–Carbonate Successions 309 4.14.4 Metre-scale Cycles (Parasequences) and their Stacking Patterns 309 4.14.5 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 311 4.14.6 Modelling Carbonate Stratigraphy, Sequences and Cycles 311 References 312 Further Reading 325 Websites 325 5 Evaporites 326 5.1 Introduction 326 5.1.1 Techniques for Studying Evaporites 326 5.1.2 Early Geochemical Work 326 5.2 Evaporite Deposits and Depositional Environments 328 5.3 Gypsum and Anhydrite 331 5.3.1 Sabkha Sulphate and Nodular Anhydrite 332 5.3.2 Bottom-growth Gypsum 332 5.3.3 Laminated Gypsum/Anhydrite 333 5.3.4 Resedimented Gypsum-Anhydrite 336 0005399227.INDD 11 12-29-2022 11:54:52 xii Contents 5.3.5 Secondary and Fibrous Gypsum 336 5.3.6 Burial Anhydrite 337 5.4 Halite 337 5.5 Other Evaporite Minerals and Their Occurrence 341 5.5.1 Potassium and Magnesium Salts 341 5.5.2 Lacustrine Evaporites 342 5.6 Evaporite Dissolution and Replacement 343 5.7 Evaporite Sequences and Discussion 345 5.8 Evaporites Through Time 349 5.9 Evaporites, Diapirism, Deformation and Decollement 350 References 350 Further Reading 353 6 Sedimentary Ironstones and Iron Formations 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.1.1 Techniques for the Study of Ironstones and Iron Formations 354 6.2 Source and Transportation of Iron 355 6.3 Formation of the Principal Iron Minerals 356 6.4 Occurrence and Petrography of Iron Minerals 359 6.4.1 Iron Oxides 359 6.4.2 Iron Carbonates 360 6.4.3 Iron Sulphides 361 6.4.4 Iron Silicates 361 6.5 Precambrian Iron Formations and Phanerozoic Ironstones 364 6.5.1 Precambrian Iron Formations 365 6.5.2 Phanerozoic Ironstones 368 6.6 Bog Iron Ores 370 6.7 Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts, and Metalliferous Sediments 370 References 372 Further Reading 374 7 Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits 375 7.1 Introduction 375 7.1.1 Techniques for Studying Phosphorites 375 7.2 Mineralogy 375 7.3 Nodular and Bedded Phosphorites 376 7.3.1 Recent–Subrecent Occurrences 376 7.3.2 Origin of Marine Phosphorites 376 7.3.3 Ancient Phosphorite Sequences 379 7.4 Bioclastic and Pebble-Bed Phosphorites 381 7.5 Guano and Ocean-Island Phosphorites 382 References 382 Further Reading 383 8 Coal and Petroleum 384 8.1 Introduction 384 8.2 Modern Organic Deposits 384 8.3 Ancient Organic Deposits 385 8.4 Coals and the Coal Series 386 8.4.1 Humic Coals 388 8.4.2 Sapropelic Coals 388 8.5 Coal Petrology 388 8.5.1 Organic Constituents 388 8.5.2 Inorganic Constituents 390 8.5.3 Gas in Coal 391 8.5.4 Coal Balls 391 8.6 Coal Formation and Rank 391 8.6.1 Chemical Considerations 391 8.6.2 Rank, Depth and Temperature 392 8.7 Occurrence of Coal 392 8.8 Formation of Kerogen 394 8.9 Petroleum 395 8.9.1 Composition and Occurrence 395 8.9.2 Formation of Petroleum 397 References 399 Further Reading 400 9 Cherts and Siliceous Sediments 401 9.1 Introduction 401 9.1.1 Techniques for Studying Chert 401 9.2 Chert Petrology 402 9.3 Bedded Chert 404 9.3.1 Siliceous Ooze and Bedded Chert 404 9.3.1.1 Modern and Phanerozoic 404 9.3.1.2 Precambrian Cherts 406 9.3.2 The Origin of Chert 407 9.4 Nodular Chert 410 9.5 Non- Marine Siliceous Sediment and Chert 413 References 415 Further Reading 417 Index 418

Authoritative, accessible and updated introduction to sedimentary rocks for students and professional geologists Sedimentary Petrology provides readers with a concise account of sedimentary rock composition, mineralogy, texture, structure, diagenesis and depositional environments. The new edition of this classic text incorporates the many technological and analytical advances of the last decade, revealing exciting details of processes such as microbial precipitation, microporosity in mudrocks and chemistry of sediment grains and cements. The book is enhanced with many new images of sedimentary rocks in thin-section, revealing details of their composition and formation. This fourth edition offers a comprehensive update and expansion of the previous editions with a new set of illustrations, new references and further reading. The new co-author Stuart Jones has brought his considerable expertise in clastic sedimentology to the rewritten chapters on sandstones and mudrocks. The addition of colour figures throughout the text will aid students immensely in their studies and petrographic work. Sample topics covered in Sedimentary Petrology include: Limestones, evaporites, sandstones, conglomerates, breccias and mudrocks Sedimentary ironstones and iron-formations, sedimentary phosphate deposits, coal, oil shale and petroleum, and cherts and siliceous sediments Advances in modeling and programming to simulate depositional-diagenetic conditions and controls which support field and laboratory descriptions and interpretations Ocean acidification and its effects, the role of the oceans in carbon capture and storage, and the effects of microplastics on marine organisms Aimed at undergraduates in geology, earth and environmental sciences, Sedimentary Petrology is an excellent teaching and learning resource for introductory courses in sedimentary rocks. In addition, the book will be a valuable reference for graduate students and professional geologists seeking an up-to-date account of the subject area.