List of Illustrations Preface Prologue List of Abbreviations 1. Intelligence and Geospatial Intelligence The Boundaries of Intelligence Geospatial Terminology The Power of a Single Word Defining Geospatial Intelligence 2. A Brief History of Maps and Charts Mapping The Silk Road Cartography Photogrammetry Nautical Charts Aeronautical Charts Establishing Claims with Cartography Chapter Summary 3. Terrain Measuring and Representing Terrain Digital Elevation Models Military Use of Terrain Civil Use of Terrain Oceanographic Terrain Chapter Summary 4. Navigation Celestial Navigation Radio Navigation Satellite Navigation Chapter Summary 5. Geopolitics Mahan’s Sea Power Theory Mackinder’s Heartland Theory German Geopolitik Spykman’s Rimland Theory The Continuing Influence of Geopolitical Theories Thematic Cartography Geopolitical Strategy Chapter Summary 6. Geographic Information Systems The Cluttered Map Hard Copy Layers Roger Tomlinson, the Father of GIS The Harvard Connection ESRI and Intergraph Interactive Maps and Charts The GIS Choice: Raster or Vector? The Power of GIS The Explosion of GIS Applications Are Paper Maps Obsolete? GIS and GEOINT Chapter Summary 7. Geolocation Geolocation Basics Using Imagery Radiofrequency Geolocation Acoustic Geolocation Cyber Geolocation Chapter Summary 8. Gaining the High Ground Gettysburg Observation Towers Lighter-than-Air Craft Exotic Approaches to the High Ground Aircraft Chapter Summary 9. The Ultimate High Ground Remote-Sensing Satellites Government Nonmilitary Applications Military Applications Commercial Imaging Satellites Chapter Summary 10. Visible Imaging Aerial Film Cameras Satellite Film Cameras Digital Cameras Video Cameras Getting the Image Right Analyzing the Image Chapter Summary 11. Spectral Imaging The Infrared Bands The Ultraviolet Spectrum Imaging outside the Visible Band Spectral Imagers Chapter Summary 12. Radar Imaging Conventional Radar Side-Looking Airborne Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar Laser Radar Chapter Summary 13. The Drivers of Geospatial Intelligence Denial and Deception Fleeting Targets Precision and Accuracy Outside Expertise Characterizing Oceans and Ocean Traffic New Issues A Complete Picture Chapter Summary 14. The Tools of Geospatial Intelligence Geomatics Geographic Information System Geovisualization Big Data Data Analytics and Visual Analytics Geospatial Simulation Modeling Chapter Summary 15. Sociocultural GEOINT Sociocultural Factors in Conflict Resolution Activity-Based Intelligence Pattern-of-Life Analysis Volunteered Geographic Information Involuntary Geographic Information Chapter Summary 16. The Story of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency The Defense Mapping Agency The National Photographic Interpretation Center The National Imagery and Mapping Agency’s Standup A Tale of Two Cities The Fight to Survive The NGA’s Standup Reaching Out Establishing the Boundaries of GEOINT Chapter Summary 17. The GEOINT Explosion US Geospatial Intelligence Organizations Five Eyes GEOIN Other National GEOINT Organizations Transnational GEOINT Organizations Chapter Summary 18. Non-National Geospatial Intelligence State/Provincial and Local Government Nongovernmental Organizations Chapter Summary 19. Commercial GEOINT Geospatial Business Intelligence Strategic GEOINT Operational GEOINT Geospatial Competitive Intelligence Chapter Summary 20. The Road Ahead Predicting the Future The Future of Cartography The Tools Applications of GEOINT National-Level GEOINT The Challenge of Ubiquitous GEOINT Chapter Summary Glossary Selected Bibliography Index About the Author

Intelligence / Technology & Engineering “Robert Clark has compiled an informative and interesting chronicle of the newest intelligence discipline, GEOINT. I would recommend this well-organized and readable treatise to anyone interested in the evolution of intelligence in this country.”—James Clapper, former Director of National Intelligence, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency “Clark brings to the reader both GEOINT’s fascinating history and an introduction to the fundamental domain concepts. The book is a needed and essential primer to the profession that transcends the technical and prepares the professional to think critically about the art and science of GEOINT.”—Todd S. Bacastow, teaching professor of practice for geospatial intelligence, Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University Although geospatial intelligence is a recent term, its underpinnings have a long and fascinating history. Geospatial Intelligence: Origins and Evolution shows how the current age of geospatial knowledge evolved from its ancient origins to become ubiquitous in daily life across the globe. Within that framework, this book weaves a tapestry of stories about the people, events, ideas, and technologies that affected the trajectory of what has become known as GEOINT. Author Robert M. Clark explores the historical background and subsequent influence of geography, cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geopolitics, geophysics, and geographic information systems on the field of GEOINT. Although its modern use began in national security communities, Clark shows how GEOINT has rapidly extended its reach to other government agencies, NGOs, and corporations. This global explosion in the use of geospatial intelligence has far-reaching implications not only for scientific, academic, and commercial communities but for a society increasingly reliant upon emerging technologies. Drones, the Internet of Things, and cellular devices transform how we gather information and how others can collect that information, to our benefit or detriment. Robert M. Clark is an expert in national intelligence and has authored or coauthored six books on the subject, including Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. He is currently an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University and an adjunct faculty member at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Clark has previously served as a CIA senior analyst and group chief and as cofounder and CEO of the Scientific and Technical Analysis Corporation.

Robert Clark has compiled an informative and interesting chronicle of the newest intelligence discipline, GEOINT. I would recommend this well-organized and readable treatise to anyone interested in the evolution of intelligence in this country.