Covers modern photonics accessibly and discusses the basic physical principles underlying all the applications and technology of photonics. This volume covers the basic physical principles underlying the technology and all applications of photonics from statistical optics to quantum optics.

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 A Photon in Perspective 1David L. Andrews 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Foundations 3 1.3 Medium Issues 8 1.4 Photon Localization and Wavefunction 10 1.5 The Quantum Vacuum and Virtual Photons 12 1.6 Structured Light 15 1.7 Photon Number Fluctuations and Phase 18 1.8 The Reality of Photonics 20 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Coherence and Statistical Optics 27Mayukh Lahiri 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Classical Theory of Optical Coherence in the Space-Time Domain 28 2.3 Classical Theory of Optical Coherence in the Space-Frequency Domain 34 2.4 Cross-Spectrally Pure Optical Fields 38 2.5 Polarization Properties of Stochastic Beams 43 2.6 Remarks on Partially Coherent and Partially Polarized Beams 51 2.7 Basics of Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence 52 2.8 Concluding Remarks 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 3 Light Beams with Spatially Variable Polarization 61Enrique J. Galvez 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Poincare Modes of Beams 62 3.3 Experimental Approaches 69 3.4 Polarization Singularities 70 3.5 Conclusion 73 Acknowledgments 73 References 73 4 Quantum Optics 77Howard Carmichael 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Fundamentals 78 4.3 Open Systems: Inputs and Outputs 87 4.4 Photon Counting 95 4.5 Cavity and Circuit QED 105 References, 111 5 Squeezed Light 121A. I. Lvovsky 5.1 What is Squeezed Light? 121 5.2 Salient Features of Squeezed States 128 5.3 Detection 136 5.4 Preparation 141 5.5 Applications in Quantum Information 148 5.6 Applications in Quantum Metrology 154 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 157 References 158 6 Electromagnetic Theory of Materials 165Tom G. Mackay 6.1 Preamble 165 6.2 Macroscopic Viewpoint 166 6.3 Constitutive Dyadics 171 6.4 Linear Materials 178 6.5 Nonlinear Materials 194 6.6 Closing Remarks 198 References 199 7 Surface and Cavity Nanophotonics 205Mohamed Babiker 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Basic Formalism 207 7.3 Dipole Emitter Near Edge 211 7.4 Quantum Correlations 215 7.5 Entanglement 217 7.6 Wedge Cavities 219 7.7 Conclusions 223 Acknowledgments 225 References 225 8 Quantum Electrodynamics 229A. Salam 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Molecular QED: Principle of Minimal Electromagnetic Coupling 231 8.3 Multipolar Hamiltonian 235 8.4 One-Photon Absorption 241 8.5 Emission of Light: Spontaneous and Stimulated Processes 244 8.6 Linear Light-Scattering: The Kramers–Heisenberg Dispersion Formula 246 8.7 Chiroptical Effects 251 8.8 Two-Photon Absorption 255 8.9 Nonlinear Light-Scattering: Sum-Frequency and Harmonic Generation 258 8.10 Resonance Energy Transfer 261 8.11 van der Waals Dispersion Energy 264 8.12 Radiation-Induced Interparticle Forces 266 8.13 Summary and Outlook 269 References 271 9 Multiphoton Processes 279Angus J. Bain 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Molecular Two-Photon Absorption: Basic Principles 282 9.3 Molecular Two-Photon Fluorescence 289 9.4 Applications and Future Prospects 307 9.5 Conclusions 309 Acknowledgments 311 References 311 10 Orbital Angular Momentum 321Emma Wisniewski-Barker and Miles J. Padgett 10.1 Historical Introduction 321 10.2 Creating Beams with OAM 324 10.3 Micro-Manipulation through the Use of OAM 327 10.4 Beam Transformations 329 10.5 Measuring Beams with OAM 332 10.6 OAM in Classical Imaging 333 10.7 OAM in Nonlinear and Quantum Optics 333 10.8 Conclusions 335 References 335 11 Introduction to Helicity and Electromagnetic Duality Transformations in Optics 341Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton and Gabriel Molina-Terriza 11.1 Introduction 341 11.2 Symmetries and Operators 342 11.3 Electromagnetic Duality 344 11.4 Optical Helicity and Electromagnetic Duality Symmetry 346 11.5 Duality Symmetry in Piecewise Homogeneous and Isotropic Media 347 11.6 Applications of the Framework 351 11.7 Conclusions 359 References 360 12 Slow and Fast Light 363Robert W. Boyd and Zhimin Shi 12.1 Introduction 363 12.2 Mechanisms of Slow Light 364 12.3 Physics with Slow and Fast Light 367 12.4 Some Applications of Slow and Fast Light 374 12.5 Fundamental Limits on Slow Light 379 References 381 13 Attosecond Physics: Attosecond Streaking Spectroscopy of Atoms and Solids 387Uwe Thumm, Qing Liao, Elisabeth M. Bothschafter, Frederik Sußmann, Matthias F. Kling, and Reinhard Kienberger 13.1 Introduction 387 13.2 Time-Resolved Photoemission from Atoms 393 13.3 Streaked Photoemission from Solids 407 13.4 Attosecond Streaking from Nanostructures 425 13.5 Conclusions 432 Acknowledgments 434 References 434 Index 443

Covers modern photonics accessibly and discusses the basic physical principles underlying all the applications and technology of photonics This volume covers the basic physical principles underlying the technology and all applications of photonics from statistical optics to quantum optics. The topics discussed in this volume are: Photons in Perspective; Coherence and Statistical Optics; Beams with Spatially Variable Polarization; Quantum Optics; Squeezed Light; Electromagnetic Theory of Materials; Theory of Surface and Cavity Nanophotonics; Quantum Electrodynamics; Multiphoton Processes, Orbital Angular Momentum; Helicity and Duality Transformations in Optics; Slow and Fast Light; and Attosecond Physics and Streak Spectroscopy. Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonicsEmphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of lightDeals with the rapidly advancing area of modern opticsChapters are written by top scientists in their field Written for the graduate-level student in physical sciences; industrial and academic researchers in photonics, graduate students in the area; college lecturers, educators, policymakers, consultants, scientific and technical libraries, government laboratories, NIH.