The synthesis of proteins from 20 or so constituent amino acids according to a strictly defined code with an accuracy of better than 1 in 10,000 at most loca­ tions is arguably the most complex task performed by cells.

Analyses of Ribosome Distribution During In Vitro Translation.- Allele-Specific Priming in the Mapping of rRNA.- Permeabilized Mammalian Cells as a System for Protein Synthesis.- The Measurement of Processivity Errors in Protein Synthesis.- A Biosynthetic Approach for the Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids into Proteins.- The Analysis of Translational Activity Using a Reporter Gene Constructed from Repeats of an Antibody-Binding Domain from Protein A.- In Vitro Engineering Using Acyl-Derivatized tRNAs.- In Vitro Engineering Using Synthetic tRNAs with Altered Anticodons Including Four-Nucleotide Anticodons.- Analysis of rRNA Function Using Specialized Ribosomes.- Determination of the Peptide Elongation Rate In Vivo.- The Measurement of Missense Errors During In Vivo Protein Synthesis.- Heelprinting Analysis of In Vivo Ribosome Pause Sites.- Analysis of elF-2? Kinases in Yeast.- Continuous-Flow Cell-Free Translation, Transcription-Translation, and Replication-Translation Systems.- Analysis of Translational Activity of Extracts Derived from Oocytes and Eggs of Xenopus laevis.- A Fractionated Reticulocyte Lysate System for Studies on Protein Synthesis Initiation Factors.- Measurement of Ribosomal Accuracy and Proofreading in E. coli Burst Systems.- Measurement of Rate of Protein Synthesis In Vitro.- In Vivo Mutational Analysis of Ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.- Genetic Selection of rRNA Mutations.- Toeprinting Assays.- Mapping of Pseudouridine Residues in RNA to Nucleotide Resolution.- Chemical and Enzymatic Probing of Antibiotic-Ribosome Complexes.- Protein Engineering with Nonstandard Amino Acids.- Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Tests with Circular mRNAs.- Gel Retardation and UV-Crosslinking Assays to Detect Specific RNA-Protein Interactions in the 5? or3? UTRs of Translationally Regulated mRNAs.- Translational Control by Repressor Proteins Binding to the 5?UTR of mRNAs.- Identification and Analysis of Frameshift Sites.- Synthesis and Site-Specific Binding of Thioated tRNAs to Probe Ribosome-tRNA Interactions.

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