This volume provides students with a comprehensive and balanced overview of animal agriculture in contemporary society, taking into account the needs of students with highly varied cultural backgrounds and educational objectives.

Preface Section One Chapter 1 Food Production 1 Historical Perspective 1 Human Population Growth 2 Role of Research and of Land, Water, Soil, and Energy Resources 4 Food Consumption 9 Who Produces the Food? 16 Summary 18 Chapter 2 Domestic Animals 20 An Overview of the Contributions of Domestic Animals 20 Food from Animals 22 Animal Byproducts 23 Pharmaceuticals and Therapeutic Agents 25 Companionship and Pleasure 25 Faithful Stewards 27 Draft Power and Transportation 28 Manure, Crop Residues, and Food Processing Wastes 28 Biomedical Research 31 Summary 31 Chapter 3 Animal Agriculture In The United States And The World 33 Historical Perspective 33 Animal and Crop Production Profiles in the World 33 Animal and Crop Production Profiles in the United States 38 The Place of the United States in World Animal Agriculture 49 Summary 50 Section Two Chapter 4 Reproduction 52 Gonadotropic Hormones and Their Functions 53 Male Organs of Reproduction and Their Functions 54 Female Organs of Reproduction and Their Functions 59 The Estrous Cycle 63 Pregnancy 65 Parturition 67 Artificial Insemination 69 Estrus Detection 72 Estrus Synchronization 72 Fertilization 73 Embryo Transfer 74 Summary 76 Chapter 5 Lactation 81 The Mammary Gland 81 Milk Synthesis and Secretion 84 Colostrum 86 Milk Composition 87 Milk Production 90 Metabolic Cost of Lactation 95 Summary 96 Chapter 6 Genetics 99 Introduction 99 Genes and Chromosomes of the Cell 100 Mitosis 106 Meiosis 106 Fertilization and Growth 107 Dominant and Recessive Alleles for a Single Trait: Six Possible Outcomes 109 Types of Gene Action 110 Quantitatively Inherited Traits 112 Selection 113 Mating Systems 116 Molecular Genetics 119 Summary 122 Chapter 7 Growth 127 Methods of Expressing Growth 128 Body Weight as a Measure of Growth 129 Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, and Differentiation 131 Growth of Brain, Skeleton, Muscle, and Adipose Tissue 134 Strategies for Regulating Growth 140 Growth of Placenta, Fetus, and Mammary Tissues in Mammals and Embryo in Birds 140 Summary 144 Chapter 8 Nutrition And Feeding 146 Nutrients 147 The Gastrointestinal Tract: Structure, Digestion, and Absorption 176 Factors Affecting Feed Consumption 182 Feeds and Feeding 183 Summary 196 Section Three Chapter 9 Animal Husbandry: Fulfilling Animal Needs 212 Space and Place 213 Thermal Environment 214 Light Environment 219 Environmental Effects on Animal Health 222 Air Pollution in Animal Houses 224 Effects of High Altitude 224 Animal-Human Interactions 225 Animal Accommodations 226 Assessing Environmental Quality 229 Summary 230 Chapter 10 Animal States-Of-Being 232 Domestication and Adaptability 232 Multifaceted Internal and External Environments 233 Environmental Adaptability 236 Animal Needs 238 Inevitable Compromises 242 A Public Issue: Farm-Animal Welfare 243 Summary 247 Chapter 11 New And Emerging Issues 251 Plant-Animal Ecosystems 252 Ecological Balance and Environmental Quality 253 Animal Well-Being 257 Biological Diversity 259 Biotechnology 262 Food Safety 265 Economic Support for Agriculture 268 Challenges and Opportunities for Animal Science Graduates in the Twenty-first Century 270 Summary 271 Section Four Chapter 12 Live Animal Evaluation: Beef Cattle, Sheep, And Swine 275 Live Animal Evaluation: Past and Present 276 Beef Cattle Evaluation 277 Sheep Evaluation 286 Swine Evaluation 292 Summary 299 Chapter 13 Dairy Cattle 301 Changes and Trends in the Dairy Industry 302 Dairy Cattle Breeds 306 Milk Marketing 306 Genetic Improvement 308 Housing Systems 310 Herd Health 316 Nutrition and Feeding 316 Reproductive Management 324 Dairy Replacements 326 Economics 329 Summary 332 Chapter 14 Beef Cattle 335 Historical Aspects 336 Cattle Statistics 336 Production System 338 Breeding and Genetic Considerations 342 Reproductive Management 349 Nutritional Management 353 Herd Health Concerns 360 General Management Considerations and Issues 363 Summary 369 Chapter 15 Poultry And Egg Production 373 Integrated Production Systems 374 Reproduction 375 Breeding 377 Incubation 379 Brooding and Rearing 380 Feeding and Nutrition 382 Housing 383 Equipment 388 Lighting Poultry 389 Production Systems 391 Health Maintenance 396 Summary 398 Chapter 16 Horses And The Horse Industry 400 History of the Horse and the Horse Industry in the United States 401 Horse Care and Health Programs 414 Nutrition 419 Housing and Containment 425 Raising Horses 426 Breeding Horses 427 Training Horses 435 Buying and/or Selling a Horse 436 Summary 438 Chapter 17 Swine 441 Description and Characteristics of Swine Production 442 Issues Facing the Pork Industry 447 Pork as Human Food 450 Life Cycle 452 Breeds 456 Applied Genetics 457 Nutrition and Feeding 462 Health 469 Types of Production 470 Husbandry and Management 473 Marketing 479 Emerging Technologies 483 Summary 483 Chapter 18 Sheep And Goats 486 Number of Sheep and Goats 487 Breeds of Sheep and Goats 488 Production Systems 490 Breeding Management 493 Feeding and Nutrition 494 Gestational Concerns 499 Lambing and Kidding Management 502 Growing and Finishing 505 Diseases and Parasites 505 Marketing 507 Summary 507 Chapter 19 Aquatic Animans 510 Evolution of Aquaculture 511 Benefits of Aquaculture 511 Comparison of Feeding Fish versus Livestock 512 Feeding and Nutrition 513 Aquaculture and the Environment 515 Commercial Aquaculture 516 Summary 524 Chapter 20 Dogs And Cats 526 Dogs and Cats in American Society 527 Careers in the pet Industry 529 Nutritional Requirements of Dogs and Cats 530 Basic Health Care 538 Reproduction in the Kennel or Cattery 545 Development and Socialization of Puppies and Kittens 548 Summary 549 Chapter 21 Other Animals, Other Uses, Other Opportunities 553 Animals for Food, Hides, and Fiber 554 Animals Raised for Fur 574 Animals in Research 575 Animals as Tissue and Organ Donors 576 Animals as Pets and Companions 578 Animals in Zoos and Aquariums 579 Summary 580 Section Five Chapter 22 Meat And Meat Products 584 Modern Methods of Processing Carcasses 585 Distribution of Meat and Meat products 586 Packaging of Retail Meat Cuts 587 The Diet/Health "Scare" for Red Meats and the Response by the Livestock Industry 588 Low Fat Meats 589 The Other White Meat 589 Slaughter Plant Size 591 Food Safety 592 U.S. Meat Production 593 Meat Inspection 593 Hazard Analysis Critical control points 595 Carcass Composition 595 Composition of Muscle 597 Age, Sex, Weight, Fatness, Grade and Breed Effects on Meat Quality and Value 599 Effects of Fatness on Meat Palatability 605 Effects of Cooking 607 Why Meat Retail Cuts Differ in Price 608 Summary 610 Chapter 23 Milk And Milk Products 612 Composition of Milk and Dairy Foods 614 Milk Microbiology 616 Milk Processing 621 Processing of Cultured Byproducts 627 Other Products 629 Defects 631 Cleaning and Sanitation of Dairy Plant Systems 633 Operating Efficiencies 635 In-Plant Quality Audits 635 Summary 635 Chapter 24 Poultry And Egg Processing And Products 637 Poultry Meat 637 Eggs 646 Liquid Eggs 650 Summary 652 Chapter 25 Aquaculture Products 654 Importance of Aquaculture Products 654 Nutritional Value of Fish 655 Processing and Marketing and Aquaculture Products 657 Quality 658 Future of Aquaculture Products 660 Summary 660 Chapter 26 Wool Mohair And Other Animal Fibers 663 Wool 663 Mohair 674 Other Animal Fibers 675 Pelts skins and sides 676 Summary 678 Chapter 27 The Future: Animals And Society In The 21st Century 682 Demand for Animal Products 683 Food Resources 684 Trends and Expectations on the Nature of U.S. Animal Agriculture 684 Opportunities in Animal Agriculture 686 Summary 687 Appendices A-1 Index I-1

Animals In Society Food Production Domestic Animals Animal Agriculture in the U.S. and World Biological Principles of Animal Production Reproduction Lactation Genetics Growth Nutrition and Feeding Stewardship Animal Husbandry: Fulfilling Animal Needs Animal State-of-Being New and Emerging Issues Animal Industries Live Animal Evaluation: Beef Cattle, Sheep and Swine Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Poultry and Egg Production Horses and the Horse Industry Swine Sheep and Goats Aquatic Animals Cats and Dogs Other Animals, Other Uses, Other Opportunities Animal Products Meat and Meat Products Milk and Milk Products Poultry and Poultry Products Aquaculture Products Wool, Mohair, and Other Animal Fibers The Future Animals and Society in the 21st Century Appendix