Acknowledgements Preface List of Abbreviations PROLOGUE: THEMES FOR ANALYSIS IN BRITISH NUCLEAR ENERGY POLICY Introduction Distinguishing Nuclear Swords from Atomic Ploughshares Who Makes What Type of State Decisions? Why a Weapon Cannot be Developed Overnight When is Independence not Independence? CONCEPTION: 1940-6 The Manhattan Transfer United States Policies towards Control over Atomic Energy A British Independent Nuclear Programme THE AMERICAN NUCLEAR WEAPON PROGRAMME: SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE Second Generation Atomic Weapons The United States Decision to Develop a Hydrogen Bomb GESTATION: THE PROGRAMME TO EXPLODE A BRITISH ATOMIC DEVICE, 1947-52 British Military Requirements and Civil Possibilities Constructing the First British Atomic Device Atomic Energy Negotiations with the United States TRANSLATING THE ART INTO THE ARTICLE: INITIAL BRITISH NUCLEAR WEAPON TESTING AND PRODUCTION Producing Blue Danube Expansion and Acceleration Developing New Types of Nuclear Warhead: the Thermonuclear Demonstration Programme THE MAKING OF AN ATOMIC ALLIANCE Hopes, Disappointments and United States Domestic Political Intrigues: Anglo-American Nuclear Negotiations, 1953-6 Submarines and Sputniks The Ideas behind the Nuclear Alliance Amending the 1954 United States Atomic Energy Act THE NUCLEAR ALLIANCE IN OPERATION, 1959-63 Initial Exchanges and Arms Control Negotiations The Revised British Nuclear Weapon Development and Production Programme Atmospheric Testing and the Search for a Comprehensive Test Ban THE MATURE TECHNOLOGY: FROM POLARIS TO CHEVALINE Polaris and the Termination of Active Nuclear Weapon Development Rebirth through Chevaline REACTORS, THE TRADE IN MILITARY NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND TRIDENT Submarine Reactors Anglo-American Disputes over Civil Nuclear Activities The Negotiations to Continue Anglo-American Nuclear Cooperation into the 1970s The Impact of Carter's Non-proliferation Policy Trident and the Future OLD AGE? THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN MILITARY EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS FOR THE NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT OF BRITAIN Introduction A Nuclear State without Dedicated Strategic Weapons A Non-nuclear Weapon state with NATO A Nuclear Weapon-free State outside of NATO Britain as a Nuclear-free Zone History and Future Policy THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN AND THE MILITARY ATOM: RETROSPECT AND EVALUATION Introduction Chronological Stages and Dependency/Interdependency Relationship The Civil/Military Dichotomy and Anglo-American Agreements for Cooperation Decisions and Policy-making Weapon Development Processes Retrospect and Prospect Appendix 1 British experimental nuclear explosions, 1952-81 Appendix 2 Numbers of British strategic nuclear delivery vehicles, 1955-70 Appendix 3 The calculation of plutonium production in natural uranium reactors Appendix 4 (a) Estimates of output of weapon-grade plutonium from British military reactors, 1951-82 (b) Estimates of plutonium available for weapon production, 1951-82 (c) Estimates of nuclear weapon inventory, 1953-82 (d) Estimates of fuel-grade plutonium produced in British Military Reactors, 1965-9 Appendix 5 (a) Estimate of plutonium produced in CEGB and SSEB Magnox reactors, 1962-9 (b) Estimate of cumulative plutonium production from CEGB/SSEB magnox reactors, 1962-81 Appendix 6 Nuclear submarines and submarine reactors Appendix 7 Quantities of material traded across the Atlantic under the military agreements Notes and References Bibliography Index

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