One of the greatest political advisers of all time, Niccolo Machiavelli thought long and hard about how citizens could identify great leaders--ones capable of defending and enhancing the liberty, honor, and prosperity of their countries. Drawing on the full range of the Florentine's writings, acclaimed Machiavelli biographer Maurizio Viroli gathers

Introduction: Why Ask Machiavelli? ix I Citizens ought to "keep their hands on the republic" and "choose the lesser evil." 1 II " Judge by the hands, not by the eyes." 6 III " It is the common good which makes republics great." 12 IV " Whoever desires constant success must change his conduct with the times." 17 V " How by the delusions of seeming good the people are often misled to desire their own ruin; and how they are frequently influenced by great hopes and brave promises." 22 VI " Men almost always follow the beaten track of others, and proceed in their actions by imitation." 26 VII " Great men and powerful republics preserve an equal dignity and courage in prosperity and adversity." 33 VIII " And although these men were rare and wonderful, they were nevertheless but men, and the opportunities which they had were far less favorable than the present; nor were their undertakings more just or more easy than this; neither was God more a friend of them than of you." 37 IX " For it is the duty of any good man to teach others that good which the malignity of the times and of fortune has prevented his doing himself; so that amongst the many capable ones whom he has instructed, someone perhaps, more favored by Heaven, may perform it." 42 X " It is very difficult, indeed almost impossible to maintain liberty in a republic that has become corrupt or to establish it there anew." 46 XI " Poverty never was allowed to stand in the way of the achievement of any rank or honor and virtue and merit were sought for under whatever roof they dwelt; it was this system that made riches naturally less desirable." 52 XII " In well-regulated republics the state ought to be rich and the citizens poor." 56 XIII " Prolonged commands brought Rome to servitude." 63 XIV " I love my country more than my soul." 67 XV " For where the very safety of the country depends upon the resolution to be taken, no considerations of justice or injustice, humanity or cruelty, nor of glory or of shame, should be allowed to prevail. But putting all other considerations aside, the only question should be, 'what course will save the life and liberty of the country?'" 73 XVI " The authority of the dictatorship has always proved beneficial to Rome, and never injurious; it is the authority which men usurp, and not that which is given them by the free suffrages of their fellow-citizens, that is dangerous to civil liberty." 80 XVII " I say that I have never practiced war as my profession, because my profession is to govern my subjects and to defend them, and, in order to be able to defend them, to love peace and to know how to make war." 85 XVIII " An excellent general is usually an orator because, unless he knows how to speak to the whole army, he will have difficulty in doing anything good." 89 XIX " A prince becomes esteemed when he shows himself either a true friend or a real enemy." 97 XX " To insure a long existence to religious sects or republics, it is necessary frequently to bring them back to their original principles." 101 Notes 107 Sources of the Quotations 115 Note on the Texts 117

"Niccolò Machiavelli was not only an adviser to princes; he was also, and more importantly, an adviser to citizens. Maurizio Viroli has collected, explained, and elucidated some of the best examples of Machiavellian advice. Be sure to read this book before you go to the polls."—Michael Walzer, Institute for Advanced Study

"In this book we see the depth of understanding, the freshness of insight, the vividness of prose, and the convincing power of argument that have made Maurizio Viroli the preeminent critic of Machiavelli of my generation."—Philip Bobbitt, author of The Garments of Court and Palace: Machiavelli and the World That He Made

"A pleasure to read, this timely and enlightening book will be of great use to today's voters. Maurizio Viroli, one of the very best interpreters of Machiavelli in the world, presents a wise portrait of Machiavelli's work, showing that he wasn't a ‘teacher of evil' but rather a great political thinker with much to say about the issues facing citizens today."—Peter Bondanella, editor and translator of The Prince