VOLUME ONE: GENERAL The Classification of Electoral Systems - André Blais The Field of Electoral Systems Research - Arend Lijphart A Critical Survey How the World Votes - Andrew Reynolds and Marco Steenbergen The Political Consequences of Ballot Design, Innovation and Manipulation Electoral Systems - Rein Taagepera Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems - Michael Gallagher Effective Number of Parties - Markku Laakso and Rein Taagepera A Measure with Application to West Europe The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion - John Loosemore and Victor Hanby Some Analytic Expressions for Electoral Systems Mapping the Indices of Seat-Votes Disproportionality and Inter-Election Volatility - Rein Taagepera and Bernard Grofman VOLUME TWO: DUVERGER′S LAW The Endogeneity Problem in Electoral Studies - Kenneth Benoit A Critical Re-Examination of Duverger′s Mechanical Effect The Psychological Impact of Electoral Laws - André Blais and R.K. Carty Measuring Duverger′s Elusive Factor It′s Parties That Choose Electoral Systems (or, Duverger′s Laws upside down) - Josep Colomer Electoral Rules and Electoral Co-Ordination - Gary Cox Duverger′s Law and the Size of the Indian Party System - Rekha Diwakar Political Parties - Maurice Duverger Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State Duverger′s Law - Maurice Duverger Forty Years Later The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85 - Arend Lijphart Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages and Party Systems in Africa′s Emerging Party Systems - Shaheen Mozaffar, James Scarritt and Glen Galaich Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties - Peter Ordeshook and Olga Shvetsova Structure and Behaviour - Steven Reed Extending Duverger′s Law to the Japanese Case Seat Share Distribution of Parties - Rein Taagepera and Mirjam Allik Models and Empirical Patterns Learning to Make Votes Count - Margit Tavits and Taavi Annus The Role of Democratic Experience VOLUME THREE: ELECTORAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND REFORM To Adopt or Not to Adopt Proportional Representation - Andre Blais, Agnieszka Dobrzynska and Indridi Indridason The Politics of Institutional Choice Setting the Rules of the Game - Carles Boix The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies Expert Opinion on Electoral Systems - Shaun Bowler, David Farrell and Philip Pettitt So Which Electoral System Is ′Best′? Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2000 - Matt Golder A Guide to the Constitutional Structures and Electoral Systems of East, South and Southeast Asia - Allen Hicken and Yuko Kasuya The Study of the Politics of Electoral Reform in the 1990s - Gideon Rahat Theoretical and Methodological Lessons Evaluating Political Reform in Japan - Steven Reed A Mid-Term Report Democratization and Electoral Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region - Ben Reilly Is There an ′Asian Model′ of Democracy? Electoral ′Efficiency′ and the Move to Mixed-Member Systems - Matthew Shugart Ballot Position Effects - Robert Darcy and Ian McAllister Preferential Voting and Political Engineering - Ben Reilly A Comparative Study Electoral Laws as Political Consequences - Kenneth Benoit Explaining the Origins and Change of Electoral Institutions VOLUME FOUR: GEOGRAPHY AND INTRA-PARTY TRENDS PART ONE: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND GEOGRAPHY Electoral Systems and Unimagined Consequences - Burt Monroe and Amanda Rose Partisan Effects of Districted Proportional Representation The Value of a Vote - David Samuels and Richard Snyder Malapportionment in Comparative Perspective Geographical Representation under Proportional Representation - Michael Latner and Anthony McGann The Cases of Israel and The Netherlands The Components of Elections - Scott Morgenstern and Richard Potthoff District Heterogeneity, District-Time Effects and Volatility Electoral Institutions, Hometowns and Favored Minorities - Shigeo Hirano Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms PART TWO: THE INTRA-PARTY DIMENSION Legislator Shirking and Voter Monitoring - Shaun Bowler and David Farrell Impacts of European Parliament Electoral Systems upon Legislator-Voter Relationships Competing Principals, Political Institutions and Party Unity in Legislative Voting - John Carey Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote - John Carey and Matthew Shugart Comparisons among Electoral Systems - Bernard Grofman Distinguishing between Localism and Candidate-Centered Politics Looking for Locals - Matthew Shugart, Melody Valdini and Kati Suominen Voter Information Demands and Personal Vote-Earning Attributes of Legislators under Proportional Representation Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women′s Opportunity for Election in 23 Democracies - Wilma Rule VOLUME FIVE: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy - Christopher Anderson and Christine Guillory A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems A Comparative Theory of Electoral Incentives - Kathlenn Bawn and Michael Thies Representing the Unorganized under PR, Plurality and Mixed-Member Electoral Systems Voter Satisfaction and Electoral Systems - David Farrell and Ian McAllister Does Preferential Voting in Candidate-Centred Systems Make a Difference? Democracies - Arend Lijphart Forms, Performance and Constitutional Engineering Congruence between Citizens and Policy Makers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy - John Huber and G. Bingham Powell Jr. Ballots not Bullets - Pippa Norris Testing Consociational Theories of Ethnic Conflict, Electoral Systems and Democratization Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures and the Number of Parties - Octavio Neto and Gary Cox Does Proportional Representation Foster Voter Turnout - André Blais and R. Kenneth Carty Electoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption - Eric Chang and Miriam Golden Executive Authority, the Personal Vote and Budget Discipline in Latin American and Caribbean Countries - Mark Hallerberg and Patrik Marier Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption - Jana Kunicová and Susan Rose-Ackerman Vote-Seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies - Brian Crisp et al VOLUME SIX: PARTICULAR ELECTORAL SYSTEMS Electoral Strategy under Open-List Proportional Representation - Barry Ames Making Candidates Count - André Blais and Indridi Indridason The Logic of Electoral Alliances in Two-Round Legislative Elections A Quadruple Whammy for First-Past-the-Post - Adrian Blau Single-Member District Electoral Systems and Democratic Transition - Sarah Birch Designing Electoral Institutions - David Farrell, Malcolm Mackerras and Ian McAllister Varieties of STV Systems Going It Alone? Strategic Entry under Mixed Electoral Rules - Federico Ferrara and Erik Herron Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed-Superposition Electoral Systems - Erik Herron and Misa Nishikawa Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji - Jon Fraenkel and Bernard Grofman The Importance of Electoral Rules - Ignacio Lago and Ferran Martínez Comparing the Number of Parties in Spain′s Lower and Upper Houses Mixed Electoral Systems and Electoral System Effects - Robert Moser and Ethan Scheiner Controlled Comparison and Cross-National Analysis ′Mixed Electoral Rules′ Impact on Party Systems - Misa Nishikawa and Erik Herron Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems - R. Pekkanen, B. Nyblade and E.S. Kraus Party, Posts and Zombie Politicians in Japan Mixed-Member Electoral Systems - Matthew Shugart and Martin Wattenberg The Best of Both Worlds?