Within a mere decade, the creation of a Tibetan medicine industry in the People's Republic of China has resulted in hospital pharmacies throughout the Tibetan areas of China being converted into pharmaceutical companies. Confronted with the logic of capital and profit, these companies now produce commodities for a nation-wide market.

List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgements Notes on Transliteration and Transcription Acronyms Map of Tibet Cast of Main Characters Chapter 1. Introduction Perspectives on Tibetan medicine Aku  Jinpa Official Views The Topic of Inquiry Industrial Modernities Tibetanness and the Moral Space of Tradition The Industry as Assemblage Language and Terminology Chapter 2. The Creation of an Industry Sowa Rigpa and TCM – Different Trajectories Interference and Non-Interference The Making of TCM Tentative Integration of Sowa Rigpa Textbooks, Standardised Practice and Pharmacy From Pharmacy to Factory Reform and Revival Socialist Market Economy Founding Shongpalhachu Tibetan Drug Standards and Chinese Pharmacopoeia The Introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice Ownership and Investment Relations Between GMP Factories and Hospitals The SFDA and National Drug Registration The Size of the Industry Forces at Work Chapter 3. Manufacturing Good Practice GMP in China The Steps of Production Sourcing and Storage of Raw Materials Simple Pre-Processing: Washing, Trimming, Sorting Complex Pre-Processing: Tsothal Grinding, Mixing, and Making Pills Sterilisation Drying Rationales, Practicalities Validation Self-Inspection Chapter 4. Raw Materials, Refined Domestic Sourcing Strategies Long-term Relations to Village Collectors Cultivation Commercial Traders Transnational Trade and Border Regimes Import licences Trader Tactics Taxonomy and Legibility Business Cultures CITES and Nepalese Authorities Baru Gyatig Back to Tibet Tactics and Strategies Chapter 5. Knowledge, Property Owners and Pirates The Problem of Patents Precious Pills, Precious Properties Filtering Knowledge ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Knowledge Randomised Controlled Trials The Knowledge Commodity Decoupling Forms of Knowledge Property, Knowledge Chapter 6. The Aesthetic Enterprise Disenchantment, Enchantment Mendrup Rituals of GMP Packaging Remedies Design Materiality Advertisement Three Campaigns Visual Themes The Buddhist Company Yuthog Spiritual Spa Arura’s Museum Enchanting Whom? Chapter 7. The Moral Economy of Tibetanness The Tibetanness Economy Preservation and Development Civilisation, Culture Theme Parks: Manufacturing Minzu Exhibiting Sowa Rigpa and a Farewell to GMP Morality and Spectacles of Authenticity Real and Fake Profit and the Ethics of Being a Doctor The Problem of Trust Balancing Profit with Altruism Morality at Large Building a Harmonious Society, Resisting Culture The Moral Economy at Large Chapter 8. Conclusions Fallacies One – Industry and Modernism Two – Globalisation and Sinicisation Three – Knowledge Assemblage, Revisited Contemporary by Assemblage Territorial by Assemblage Bibliography Glossary