_The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Punishment_ is the most comprehensive collective work that has yet been published on the philosophical aspects of punishment. It is divided into ten sections covering all the main philosophical challenges arising from the questions of why, when, and how offenders should be punished for their misdeeds. The book provides insight into and discussions of all the leading theories of the justification of punishment (retributivism, consequentialism, pluralistic theory, communicative theory, self-defence theory, right forfeiture theory, restitutionism, restorative justice, and abolitionism). It goes on to present considerations of what types of punishment can legitimately be imposed on offenders (capital punishment, incarceration, corporal punishment, probation, electronic monitoring, and cruel and unusual punishment) and of how the severity of punishments should be determined. Next, it explores the many factors that should be considered at sentencing (responsibility and defences, mens rea, criminal record, guilty pleas, remorse, and mercy). The book also covers discussions of punishment of special groups of offenders (young and very old offenders, female offenders, socially deprived offenders, multiple offenders, dangerous offenders, and war criminals) and broader societal aspects of punishment (e.g. social inequality, discrimination, and public opinion). A section on medical and technological aspects of punishment deals with controversial issues such as the use of neurointerventions, artificial intelligence, and the role of physicians. The handbook curates authoritative chapters written by the field's leading scholars to offer answers to questions of how punishment can be justified, what types of punishment can legitimately be imposed on offenders, and the severity of punishment should be determined.