Attempts to desiminate research that spans small businesses and entrepreneurship. Edited by a world class experts in the field, this work contains papers which reflect the principles of theoretical grounding, empirical rigour and popularity of this field.

VOLUME I PART ONE: SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND THEORY DEVELOPMENT The Developing Domain of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Entrepreneurship Research in Emergence - L Busenitz, G P West, D Shepherd, T Nelson, G N Chandler & A Zacharakis Past Trends and Future Directions Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development - W B Gartner The Adolescence of Entrepreneurship Research - M B Low Specification and Purpose The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research - S Shane & S Venkataraman The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research - D Ucbasaran, P Westhead & M Wright Contextual and Process Issues PART TWO: RESEARCH APPROACHES Methodological Issues and Debates Levels of Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research - P Davidsson & J Wiklund Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future Working in the Field - R Holliday Researching Entrepreneurship through Phenomenological Inquiry - J Cope Philosophical Issues Case Study Method in Small Business and Entrepreneurial Research - L Perren & M Ram Mapping Boundaries and Perspectives Discourses and Critiques of the Field New Meanings for Entrepreneurs - U Hytti From Risk-Taking Heroes to Safe-Seeking Professionals Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse - J O Ogbor Ideaology - Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies Government Discourses on Entrepreneurship - L Perren & P Jennings Issues of Subjugation and Power PART THREE: POPULATIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS Owner-Managers and Entrepreneurs Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations - L Busenitz & J Barner Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners - J W Carland, F Hoy, W R Boulton & J A C Carland A Conceptualization The Entrepreneurial Personality - E Chell A Few Ghosts Laid to Rest A Psychosocial Cognitive Model of Employment Status Choice - J Katz Female Entrepreneurship and Feminist Perspectives Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions - H Ahl Time for a Change? Women′s Accounts of the Move from Organizational Careers to Self-Employment - M Mallon & L Cohen A Gendered Perspective on Organizational Creation - B J Bird & C G Brush Research on Women Business Owners - C Brush Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions A Theoretical Overview and Extension of Research on Sex, Gender, and Entrepreneurship - E M Fischer, A R Reuber & L S Dyke Feminist Insights on Gendered Work - K. Mirchandani New Directions in Research on Women and Entrepreneurship Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Businesses Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship - H E Aldrich & R Waldinger Ethnic Minority Business Support - G Barrett, T Jones & D McEvoy Theoretical Discourse in Britain and North America VOLUME II PART THREE: POPULATIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS (CONTINUED) Continues from Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Businesses Minority Business Access to Mainstream Markets - T Bates The Absence of African-American Owned Business - R Fairlie An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment Apprentice Entrepreneurs? Ethnic Minority Workers in the Independent Restaurant Sector - M Ram, T Abbas, B Sanghera, G Barlow & T Jones Outsiders′ Business - J Rath & R Kloosterman A Critical Review of Research on Immigrant Entrepreneurship Family Business The Pervasive Effects of Family on Entrepreneurship - H E Aldrich & J E Cliff Toward a Family Embeddedness Perspective Trends and Directions in the Development of a Strategic Management Theory of the Family Firm - J J Chrisman, J H Chua & P Sharma Help One Another, Use One Another - A Stewart Toward an Anthropology of Family Business International Comparisons The Normative Context for Women′s Participation in Entrepreneurship - C Baughn, B L Chua & K E Neupert A Multi-Country Study The Sociocultural Environment for Entrepreneurship - T M Begley & W Tan A Comparison Between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon Countries Entrepreneurship and its Determinants in a Cross-Country Setting - A Freytag & R Thurik Cross-National Comparisons of the Variation in New Firm Formation Rates - P D Reynolds, D J Storey & P Westhead PART FOUR: FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Social Enterprise Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship - J Austin, H Stevenson & J Wei-Skillern Same, Different or Both? Social Enterprise and Entrepreneurship - E Chell Towards a Convergent Theory of the Entrepreneurial Process Social Entrepreneurship Research - J Mair & I Marti A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight Franchising Why Do Firms Use Franchising as an Entrepreneurial Strategy? A Meta-Analysis - J Coombs & D Ketchen Multi-Unit Franchising - P J Kauffman & R P Dant Growth and Management Issues Colas, Shakers and Burgers - J Stanworth & J Curran Self-Employment Self-Employment Entry Across Industry Groups - T Bates Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Self-Employment - B Hamilton Self-Employment Career Dynamics - B Granger, J Stanworth & C Stanworth The Case of `Unemployment Push′ in UK Book Publishing Self-Employment - D G Blanchflower More May Not be Better VOLUME III PART FOUR: FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CONTINUED) Entrepreneurship and Small Firms in Transition and Developing Economies The Growth of the Firm in Planned Economies in Transition - M W Peng & P Heath Institutions, Organizations, and Strategic Choice Self-Employment in the Era of the New Economic Model in Latin America - M J Pisani & J A Paán A Case Study of Nicaragua New Private Enterprises in Three Transitional Contexts - K Robert & C Zhou Central Europe, the Former Soviet Union and China The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies - D Smallbone & F Welter Globalization and Internationalization Effects of Age at Entry, Knowledge Intensity and Imitabilty on International Growth - E Autio, H Sapienza & J Almeida Small Firm Dynamism in East Asia - F Iqbal & S Urata An Introductory Overview Internationalisation: Conceptualizing an Entrepreneurial Process of Behaviour in Time - M V Jones & N E Coviello Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modelling the Speed of Internationalization - B M Oviatt & P P McDougall PART FIVE: ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES New Venture Creation Improvising Firms - T Baker, A S Miner & D T Eesley Bricolage, Account Giving and Improvisational Competencies in the Founding Process Properties of Emerging Organizations - C G Brush, L Edelman & T Manolova An Empirical Test Exploring Start-Up Event Sequences - N Carter, W B Gartner & Reynolds Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions - N F Krueger, M D Reilly & A L Carsrud Challenges of Development, Growth and Performance A Multi-Dimensional Model Venture Growth - J R Baum, E A Locke & K G Smith Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments - J G Covin & D P Slevin Organizational Growth - K Eisenhardt & C Schoonhoven Linking Founding Team, Strategy, Environment and Growth Among US Semiconductor Ventures, 1978-1988 An Examination of the Influence of Industry Structure on Eight Alternative Measures of New Venture Performance for High Potential Independent New Ventures - K C Robinson Business Planning Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New Ventures? - F Delmar & S Shane What do Investors Look for in a Business Plan? A Comparison of the Investment Criteria of Bankers, Venture Capitalists and Business Angels - C Mason & M Stark Institutional Forces and the Written Business Plan - B Honig & T Karlsson VOLUME IV PART FIVE: ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES (CONTINUED) Finance and Financial Management The Economics of Small Business Finance - A N Berger & G F Udell The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle Competition, Small Business Financing and Discrimination - K S Cavalluzzo, L C Cavalluzzo & J D Wolken Evidence From a New Survey Patterns of Venture Capital Funding - P G Greene, C G Brush, M M Hart & P Saparito Is Gender a Factor? Innovation and Regional Growth in Small High Technology Firms - R P Oakey Evidence from Britain and the USA Access to Finance by Ethnic Minority Businesses in the UK - D Smallbone, M Ram, D Deakins & R Baldock Human Resource Management and Employment Relations Managing Human Resources in Small Organizations - M S Cardon & C E Stevens What Do We Know? Human Resource Management in Smaller Firms - S Marlow A Contradiction in Terms? A New Look at Job Satisfaction in the Small Firm - J Curran & J Stanworth Regulation of Work in Small Firms - C Moule What′s So Special about Small Firms? Developing and Integrated Approach to Analysing Small Firm Industrial Relations - R Barrett & A Rainnie Praising Caesar Not Burying Him - M Ram & P Edwards What We Know About Employment Relations in Small Firms Marketing and Marketing Strategies The Evolution of Marketing in Small Firms - D J Carson An Investigation of Marketing Practice by Firm Size - N E Coviello, R J Brodie & H J Munro Coping with the Market - R Scase & R Goffee Collaboration and Performance in Foreign Markets - R C Shrader The Case of Young High-Technology Manufacturing Firms Networking and External Relations The Contribution of Business Associations to SMEs - R J Bennett & M Ramsden Strategy, Bundling or Reassurance? The Institutional Embeddedness of Local Inter-Firm Networks - B Johannisson, M Ramírez-Pasillas & G Karlsson A Leverage for Business Creation The Role, Use and Activation of Strong and Weak Network Ties - S L Jack A Qualitative Analysis Social Structure and Competition in Inter-Firm Networks - B Uzzi The Paradox of Embeddedness VOLUME V PART SIX: OUTCOMES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Contributions to the Economy Capitalism and Democracy in the 21st Century - D Anderson & R Thurik From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance - D Audretsch & M Keilbach Entrepreneurship - W J Baumol Productive, Unproductive and Destructive Self-Employment Wealth and Job Creation - A E Burke The Roles of Gender, Non-Pecuniary Motivation and Entrepreneurial Ability Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth - S Wennekers & R Thurik Public Policy and State Intervention What is Small Business Policy in the UK For? Evaluation and Assessing Small Business Policies - J Curran Does More Mean Worse? Three Decades of Enterprise Policy in the Tees Valley - F J Greene, K Mole & D J Storey SME Policy, Academic Research and the Growth of Ignorance, Mythical Concepts, Myths, Assumptions, Rituals and Confusions - A Gibb The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship - A van Stel, D J Storey & A R Thurik Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Public Policies - D J Storey Entrepreneurship Education Opportunity Identification and Its Role in the Entrepreneurial Classroom: A Pedagogical Approach and Empirical Test - D R DeTienne & G N Chandler The Theoretical Side of Teaching Entrepreneurship - J Fiet The Chronology and Intellectual Trajectory of American Entrepreneurship Education 1876-1999 - J Katz A Process Model for Entrepreneurship Education and Development - C Leitch & R Harrison Towards a Conceptual Understanding of Entrepreneurial Learning - D Rae & M Carswell Business Exit and Transfer Redefining Business Success - B Headd Distinguishing Between Closure and Failure Falling Forward - R McGrath Real Options Reasoning and Entrepreneurial Failure Learning the Hard Way - D Stokes & R A Blackburn The Lessons of Owner-Managers Who Have Closed Their Businesses