List of Contributors xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Lists of Abbreviations xxvii 1 External Features of Chicken 1Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant 1.1 Skin 1 1.2 Structures Associated with the Skin 2 1.3 Feathers 5 1.4 Lamellar Corpuscles 9 1.5 Molting 9 1.6 Debeaking 11 1.7 Eyelids Including Third Eyelid 11 1.8 Vent 11 1.9 Uropygial Gland 12 1.10 Brood Pad 12 1.11 Bursa Sterni 13 1.12 Legs 13 1.13 Thermoregulation 15 2 Skeletal System 19Wael Khamas, Josep Rutllant, and Ken Noriega 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Cartilage and Bone Embryonic Origin 19 2.3 Cartilage Cell Types 19 2.4 Type of Cartilages 20 2.5 Cartilage Development 20 2.6 Calcium Homeostasis 20 2.7 Bone Cell Types 21 2.8 Ossification 22 2.9 Axial Skeleton 25 2.10 Sesamoid Bones 26 2.11 Pneumatic Bones 27 2.12 Pectoral Girdle 27 2.13 Pectoral Limb (Wing) 28 2.14 Pelvic Girdle 29 2.15 Pelvic Limb 29 2.16 Arthrosis (Joints) 31 3 Muscular System 35Ken Noriega, Thomas Marino, and Wael Khamas 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Muscle Histology 35 3.3 Muscle Nomenclature 37 3.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 37 3.5 Muscle Cells 38 3.6 Skeletal Muscle Blood Supply 38 3.7 Skeletal Muscle Innervation 38 3.8 Muscle Spindle 38 3.9 Tendon 39 3.10 General Description of Skeletal Muscle 39 3.11 Cutaneous Muscles 40 3.12 Flight Muscles 40 3.13 Muscles of the Pelvic Region 44 3.14 Abdominal Muscles 46 4 Digestive System 49Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Oral Cavity and Pharynx 49 4.3 Hyoid Apparatus (Hyoglossal, Hyolingual, or Hyobranchial) 53 4.4 Esophagus (Pars cervicalis, Crop, and Pars thoracica) 54 4.5 Stomach(Proventriculus and Ventriculus) 56 4.6 Small Intestine 59 4.7 Large Intestine 62 4.8 Cloaca 63 4.9 Vent 65 4.10 Liver (Hepar, Jecur) 65 4.11 Pancreas 67 5 Respiratory System 71Hrvoje Smodlaka and Wael Khamas 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Nostrils and Nasal Cavity 71 5.3 Larynx (Larynx Cranialis), Upper Larynx 73 5.4 Trachea 74 5.5 Syrinx (Larynx Caudalis), Lower Larynx 75 5.6 Lungs 76 5.7 Direction of Airflow 78 5.8 Blood-Gas Barrier 79 5.9 Air Sacs 79 6 Urinary System 83Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Kidney 83 6.3 Ureter 89 6.4 Urodeum 90 6.5 Blood Supply 90 6.6 Innervation 90 6.7 Urine 91 7 Reproductive System 93Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas 7.1 Male Reproductive System 93 7.2 Female Reproductive System 99 8 Endocrine System 109Manel Lopez-Bejar 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Physiological Balance 110 8.3 Major Endocrine Glands 110 9 Sense Organs 125Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant 9.1 The Eye 125 9.2 The Ear 132 10 The Cardiovascular System 139Thomas Marino and Wael Khamas 10.1 Introduction 139 10.2 Heart 139 10.3 General Arterial System 143 10.4 Venous System 148 10.5 Sites for Blood Collection 148 10.6 Hepatic Portal System 149 10.7 Renal Portal System 149 10.8 Carotid Body/Carotid Sinus 149 11 The Lymphatic System 153Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Cells of the Lymphatic System 153 11.3 Common Terms Used with the Lymphatic System 157 11.4 Primary Lymphatic Organs 157 11.5 Secondary Lymphatic Organs 161 11.6 Maternal Transfer of Immunity 168 11.7 Lymphatic Vessels 168 12 Nervous System 171Wael Khamas, Josep Rutllant, and Hrvoje Smodlaka 12.1 Introduction 171 12.2 Neuron171 12.3 Ganglion 172 12.4 Glial Cells (Neuroglia) 172 12.5 Peripheral Nervous System Cells 174 12.6 Meninges 174 12.7 Brain Ventricles 175 12.8 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 175 12.9 Blood Brain Barrier 175 12.10 Cerebrum 176 12.11 Reticular Formation 179 12.12 SpinalCord 179 12.13 Glycogen Bodies 180 12.14 Autonomic Nervous System 180 13 Applied Chicken Anatomy 183Teresa Y. Morishita and Robert E. Porter Jr 13.1 Examining from a Distance 183 13.2 Physical Examination 185 13.3 Specialized Clinical Procedures 190 14 Chicken Necropsy 193Miguel D. Saggese 14.1 Introduction193 14.2 Euthanasiaand Carcass Disposal 193 14.3 Chicken Disposal 194 14.4 Facilities and Materials Needed 194 14.5 Whole Carcass Conservation 196 14.6 Necropsy Protocol 196 15 The Egg Anatomy 209Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas 15.1 Introduction 209 15.2 The Germinal Disc 209 15.3 The Yolk 209 15.4 The Albumen 211 15.5 The Eggshell 212 16 Fertilization and Chick Embryo Development 217Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas 16.1 Introduction 217 16.2 Avian Fertilization 217 16.3 ChickEmbryo Development 220 References 224 Index 227