Biological differences between the sexes influence not only individual health but also public health, biomedical research, and health care. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop March 8-9, 2010, to discuss sex differences and their implications for translational neuroscience research, which bridges the gap between scientific discovery and application.Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Studying Sex Differences in Health and Disease3 Studying Sex Differences in Translational Research: Examples from Four Major Disease Areas4 Reporting Sex Differences in Research Publications5 Sex Differences in Drug Development: Policy and Practice6 Needs, Opportunities, and Next StepsAppendix A: ReferencesAppendix B: Registered AttendeesAppendix C: Workshop Agenda