Contributors xi First Foreword xviii Second Foreword xix Preface xx Acknowledgements xxi Part I Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning 1 1.1 Microbiology of Primary Apical Periodontitis 3 José F. Siqueira Jr and Isabela N. Rôças 1.2 Reversible Pulpitis 15 Tiago Pimentel and Raul Costa 1.3 Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis 22 Shatha Zahran 1.4 Treatment Planning 30 Samantha Hamer 1.5 Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin 41 Maria Lessani and Shalini Kanagasingam 1.6 Cracked Tooth with Radicular Extension 49 Suhaila S. Shariff and Matthew C. Davis 1.7 Vertical Root Fracture 60 Shanon Patel and Peng-Hui Teng 1.8 Endodontic-Periodontal Infections 68 Shalini Kanagasingam, Elizabeth Shin Perry, and Nargis Sonde 1.9 Cemento-osseous Dysplasia 82 Rahul Bose and Simon Harvey Part II Non-odontogenic Pain 89 2.1 Musculoskeletal Pain 91 Dermot Canavan 2.2 Neuropathic Pain 101 Dermot Canavan Part III Vital Pulp Therapy and Regeneration 109 3.1 Apexogenesis 111 Elizabeth Shin Perry 3.2 Apexification 119 Elizabeth Shin Perry 3.3 Regenerative Endodontics 128 Elizabeth Shin Perry Part IV Endodontic Treatment 137 4.1 Access Cavity Preparation 139 Shanon Patel 4.2 Glide Path 146 Frédéric Bukiet, Benoit Ballester, and Maud Guivarc’h 4.3 Working Length Determination 156 Bhavin Bhuva and Shanon Patel 4.4 Disinfection of the Root Canal System 169 Ali Hilmi 4.5 Root Canal Instrumentation 1 184 Jianing He 4.6 Root Canal Instrumentation 2 197 Luis Ferrandez 4.7 Accessory Canals and Complexities of the Root Canal System 205 Frédéric Bukiet, Thomas Giraud, and Benoit Ballester 4.8 Obturation of the Root Canal 1 215 Kreena Patel 4.9 Obturation of the Root Canal 2 225 Frédéric Bukiet, Maud Guivarc’h, and Thomas Giraud Part V Management of Non-Resolving Pathology and Endodontic Complications 237 5.1 Post-Treatment Periapical Periodontitis 239 David Figdor 5.2 Non-surgical Retreatment and Disassembly 248 John Rhodes 5.3 Endodontic Microsurgery 259 Elizabeth Shin Perry 5.4 Non-surgical Management of Perforation 271 Taranpreet Puri 5.5 Inadvertent Extrusion 279 Samantha Hamer and Shalini Kanagasingam 5.6 Intentional Reimplantation 289 Rahul Bose and Bhavin Bhuva 5.7 Fractured Endodontic Instruments 300 Luis Ferrandez Part VI Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth 309 6.1 Restoration of a Root-Filled Tooth with a Fibre Post-Retained Crown 311 Bhavin Bhuva, Francesco Mannocci, and Massimo Giovarruscio 6.2 Restoration of an Endodontically Treated Posterior Tooth 323 Shanon Patel, Massimo Giovarruscio, and Bhavin Bhuva 6.3 Internal Bleaching 332 Neha Patel Part VII Dental Trauma 343 7.1 Complicated Crown Fracture 345 Elizabeth Shin Perry 7.2 Horizontal Root Fracture 354 Peng-Hui Teng 7.3 Traumatic Dental Injuries 363 Elizabeth Shin Perry 7.4 Avulsion 376 Nestor Cohenca Part VIII Root Resorption 385 8.1 External Cervical Resorption 387 Shanon Patel                     8.2 Internal Inflammatory Resorption 396 Shanon Patel Part IX Additional Considerations for Patient Management 403 9.1 Apical Periodontitis and Systemic Disease 405 Shalini Kanagasingam, Abdulaziz A. Bakhsh, and Philip Mitchell 9.2 Medicolegal Issues in Endodontics 413 Garry L. Myers 9.3 Prognosis and Outcome Assessment of Endodontically Treated Teeth               421 Nadia Chugal and Elizabeth Shin Perry Index 431

Pitt Ford’s Problem-Based Learning in Endodontology, 2nd Edition, is an essential reference for Endodontology, enriched with the latest research and clinical evidence. Employing a problem-based approach, it consolidates readers’ knowledge and diagnostic skills. Prepared by an international team of clinical academics, this edition reflects the latest advances in the field. Encouraging self-directed learning, the authors present diverse clinical cases covering topics such as non-odontogenic pain, pulp preservation, endodontic treatment, restoration, regenerative endodontic procedures, and trauma. Each section is accompanied by images as well as further reading recommendations. A touchstone to key areas concerning the dental pulp and the root canal system, Pitt Ford’s Problem-Based Learning in Endodontology is a valuable resource for dental students, residents, and clinicians seeking the latest techniques and procedures in Endodontology.