Every bone fracture must be held rigid and, because of the long healing process, infringes on the individual's life-style. Treatment with ultrasound, however, may reduce the healing time 30-50% since the piezoelectric effect of ultrasound acts as a callus stimulator.

1 Introduction.- 2 Methods of Clinical Application.- 2.1 Indications and Contraindications.- 2.2 Technique.- 3 Clinical Results.- 3.1 Radial Fractures.- 3.2 Scaphoid Fractures.- 3.3 Metacarpal Fractures.- 3.4 Phalangeal Fractures.- 3.5 Forearm Fractures.- 3.6 Humeral Fractures.- 3.7 Clavicular Fractures.- 3.8 Malleolar Fractures.- 3.9 Tibial Fractures.- 3.10 Femoral Fractures.- 3.11 Patellar Fractures.- 3.12 Calcaneal Fractures.- 3.13 Metatarsal Fractures.- 4 How did we Come to use Ultrasound?.- 5 What is Ultrasound?.- 5.1 Physical Parameters.- 5.2 Characteristics of Ultrasound Therapy.- 5.3 Types of Ultrasound.- 5.4 Mechanisms of Action.- 5.5 The Piezoelectric Effect in Bone.- 5.6 Ultrasound Conductivity.- 6 Animal Experiments.- 6.1 The Rabbit as an Animal Model.- 6.2 Experimental Method.- 6.3 Statistical Evaluation.- 7 Effect of Ultrasound on Fracture Callus.- 7.1 Radiographic Studies.- 7.2 Strength Tests.- 7.3 Histologic Studies, Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 7.4 Bone Scintigraphy.- 7.5 Angiographic Studies.- 7.6 Biochemical Studies.- 7.7 Total Mineral Analysis.- 7.8 Sequential Polychrome Labeling.- 7.9 Temperature Measurements.- 7.10 Summary of Findings.- Appendix on Instrumentation.- High-Frequency Instruments.- Low-Frequency Instruments.- Safety Aspects.- References.

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