Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics, and ophthalmology, and also of psychology.

Preface v Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations vii Chapter 1: Introduction to Normal Binocular Vision 1 Chapter 2: The Development of Binocular Vision 15 Chapter 3: Binocular Summation 29 Chapter 4: The Binocular Fusion System 38 Chapter 5: Diplopia and Confusion, Suppression and Rivalry 57 Chapter 6: The Normal Horopter 72 Chapter 7: The Extrinsic, or Extra-ocular, Muscles 100 Chapter 8: Eye Movements 119 Chapter 9: Visual Response to Near Objects 140 Chapter 10: The Binocular Integrative Action of the Visual System 152 Chapter 11: Depth Perception 172 Chapter 12: Measurement of Binocular Motor and Sensory Status 196 Appendix 1: Practical Experiments in Binocular Vision 218 Appendix 2: Summary of Cortical Organisation in Relation to Vision 235 Appendix 3: Further Reading 236 Appendix 4: Norms for Binocular Visual Functions 237 Appendix 5: Terminology 238 Appendix 6: Glossary 240 References 249 Index 263

Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. Clinical anomalies pose a wide range of problems to the sufferer, but normal binocular operation must first be understood before the eye specialist can assess and treat dysfunctions. This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Chapters span such key topics as binocular summation, fusion, the normal horopter, anatomy of the extra-ocular muscles, oculomotor control, binocular integration and depth perception. Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.

"Overall, this book is admirable and largely successful in its aim of providing a manageable theoretical background for the binocular vision student or clinician, and as such I can recommend it to any optometrist who feels a little unsure or rusty in this area." (Optician, 10 February 2012)