The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included: The microbiome is integral to human physiology, health, and disease.The microbiome is arguably the most intimate connection that humans have with their external environment, mostly through diet.Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodology issues might still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling and a lack of causal and mechanistic studies.Dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their impact on the microbiome are being developed, and the market for these products is seeing tremendous success. However, the current regulatory framework poses challenges to industry interest and investment.Table of ContentsFront MatterOverview1 Introduction2 Study of the Human Microbiome3 Interaction Between the Microbiome and Health and Environment4 Influence of the Microbiome on the Metabolism of Diet and Dietary Components5 Influence of Diet and Dietary Components on the Microbiome6 Societal and Policy Implications7 Possibilities for the FutureA: Workshop AgendaB: Speaker Biographical SketchesC: Workshop AttendeesD: Abbreviations and Acronyms