In November 2018, an ad hoc planning committee at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned two sister workshops held in Washington, DC, to examine the lessons from influenza pandemics and other major outbreaks, understand the extent to which the lessons have been learned, and discuss how they could be applied further to ensure that countries are sufficiently ready for future pandemics. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from both workshops.Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Is the World Ready to Respond to the Next Influenza Pandemic?3 Global Progress to Prepare for the Next Influenza Pandemic4 Reflections on a Century of Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemics5 Building Local and National Capacities for Outbreak Preparedness6 A Spectrum of Considerations for Pandemic Vaccines7 The Development of the PIP Framework: Global Lessons on Equity and Fairness for Pandemic Preparedness8 Overcoming Impediments to Achieving Greater Preparedness9 Visions on Potential Priorities and Actions for Preparedness by 2030ReferencesAppendix A: Commissioned PaperAppendix B: Workshop Statement of TaskAppendix C: Pre-Workshop AgendaAppendix D: Workshop AgendaAppendix E: Biographical Sketches of Pre-Workshop and Workshop Speakers and Moderators