Foreword by Sten Grillner Introduction by the Editors, Nico J. Diederich, Martin Brüne, Katrin Amunts, Christopher G. Goetz Part I: Human Brain Evolution: From Anatomy to Function Chapter 1: Human Telencephalization Katrin Amunts and Felix Ströckens Chapter 2: Evolutionary Aspects of Glial Expansion Pierre Magistretti, Patrick Hof , Corrado Cali, and Nicole Ackermans Chapter 3: The Contribution of Mitochondrial Evolution and Dysfunction to Neurodegeneration Anne Grünewald, Sandro Pereira, and Kobi Wasner Chapter 4: Intrinsic Templates for Neurodegenerations Featuring Disease-specific Axonal or Dendritic Vulnerability Toshiki Uchihara Chapter 5: Differences in Brain Gene Expression Between Humans and Primates Geneviève Konopka and Emre Caglayan Chapter 6: Adapative Archaic Introgression Olga Dolgova and Oscar Lao Chapter 7: Goal-directed and Habitual Behaviors: Anatomical and Functional Circuits in Health and Neurological Disease Ledia F. Hernandez and Ignacio Obeso Part II: How Human Brain Diseases Are Impacted By Human Evolution Chapter 8: Alzheimer's Disease, the Parietal Lobes, and the Evolution of the Human Genus Emiliano Bruner and Heidi I.L. Jacobs Chapter 9: Parkinson's Disease - Overstrain Focused of Basal Ganglia and Brainstem Nuclei Nico J. Diederich and Christopher G. Goetz Chapter 10: Brain Diseases Associated with Unstable Repeats Peng Jin, Katharine Shelly, and Emily G. Allen Chapter 11: The Properties of Cortico-Motoneuronal Connections and Their Evolutionary Significance for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Roger Lemon Chapter 12: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder - Nocturnal Replay of a "Fight and Flee" Nico Diederich and Isabelle Arnulf Chapter 13: Mood Disorders: An Evolutionary Psycho-Neuro-Immunological Approach Markus J Rantala Javier I. Borráz-León Chapter 14: Schizophrenia - Embracing the Spectrum John S. Allen Chapter 15: Williams Syndrome and Autism - Dysfunction of Frontal Networks Katerina Semendeferi and Isabel August Chapter 16: ADHD - An Evolutionary View Annie Swanepoel Chapter 17: Addiction - Diverted Reward and Motivation Principles Roger Sullivan and Edward Hagen Part 3: Consequences and perspectives on research and clinical sciences Chapter 18: Conditions of Comparative Brain Connectomics Kathleen Rockland, Daniel Zachlod, and Katrin Amunts Chapter 19: Are Evolutionary Concepts Helfpul in Designing Preventive Strategies for Brain Diseases? Gilberto Levy and Bruce Levin Chapter 20: Evolutionary Aspects of Neuro-Psychopharmocology Martin Brüne, Riadh Abed, and Paul St. John-Smith Chapter 21: Ongoing Human Evolution? Frank Rühli, Maciej Henneberg, and Nicole Bender Chapter 22: Human Cultural Evolution Outpaces Biological Evolution: A Brain Connectomic Approach Jean-Pierre Changeux Chapter 23: Concluding Remarks and Future Directions Martin Brüne, Katrin Amunts, Nico J. Diederich, and Christopher G. Goetz

Nico J. Diederich, MD, is Adjunct Professor of Neurology at the University of Cologne, Germany, and a Consultant in Neurology at the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg. His research and clinical work focus on movement disorders particularly Parkinson's disease (PD), from visual deficits to sleep syndromes or dysautonomia. Martin Brüne, MD, is Professor of Psychiatry and Head of the Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine at the LWL University-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. He was previously a Visiting Research Scientist at the Centre for the Mind, a joint venture of the Australian National University and University of Sydney. Katrin Amunts, PhD, is Professor Director of the C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, HHU Duesseldorf, and of the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich. Since 2023, she holds the position of Joint CEO of the non-profit EBRAINS AISBL. Christopher G. Goetz, MD, is Professor of Neurological Sciences and Pharmacology at Rush Medical College, USA and oversees Research Development and Strategic Planning for the Parkinson and Movement Disorder Program. His research specialties are in pharmacology, neurochemistry, clinimetrics, and statistical modelling. He is past President of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society and past Co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Movement Disorders.

Selling point: Employs an interdiscplinary approach in connecting basic science on evolutionary development to neurological and psychiatric disorders Selling point: Topics include basic science concepts behind cerebral cellular specificities, expression of neurological or psychiatric diseases with an evolutionary focus, imaging techniques, future medication developments, and cultural and societal repercussions Selling point: Richly illustrated with figures and examples and supplemented with a detailed glossary