On June 11 and June 12, 2019, the National Academies convened a workshop to explore the growing understanding of how the interplay between humans and microbes affects host physiology and causes noncommunicable diseases. Discussions included an overview of colliding epidemics, emerging research on associations between infectious and noncommunicable diseases, risks posed by chronic diseases to the development and severity of infectious diseases, and the influence of the microbiome. Workshop participants also examined the challenges and opportunities of convergence, the integration of health care delivery models and interventions, potential approaches for research, policy, and practice in the immediate-term, and potential directions for the long-term. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 An Overview of Colliding Epidemics and Syndemics3 Emerging Research on Associations Between Infectious and Noncommunicable Diseases4 Risks Posed by Chronic Diseases to the Development and Severity of Infectious Diseases5 Microbial Dimension to Human Development and Well-Being6 Confronting "The Blind People and the Elephant" Metaphor to Bridge the Silos7 Integrating Health Care Delivery Models and Interventions8 Potential Approaches for Research, Policy, and Practice in the Immediate Term9 Visionary Statements on Potential Priorities to Address the ConvergenceReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Speaker Biographies