The international intellectual property (IP) law system allows states to develop policies that reflect their national interests. Policy makers will also benefit from the contributors’ insights on whether law reforms in their home jurisdictions have been effective and how these laws interact with the international IP system.

Contents: Introduction : Susy Frankel Part I: Global Standards and their Interaction with National Norms 1. Whatever Became of Global, Mandatory, Fair Use?: A Case Study in Dysfunctional Pluralism Lionel Bently and Tanya Aplin 2. Intellectual Property Pluralism in African Development Agendas: Food Security, Plant Variety Protection and the role of the WIPO Susan Isiko Štrba 3. National Courts and their Role in the Development of International Intellectual Property Law and Policy – With Reflections on India Alison Slade 4. Legal method and lnterpretation in International IP law: Pluralism or Systemic Coherence Ana Nordberg Part II: Pluralism within a Framework of International Norms: comparative prespectives and national policy drivers 5. The Role of Confusion in Unfair Competition Law: A Comparative Perspective Jennifer Davis 6. Re-conceptualising the Country Code Top Level Domain Name as a Sui Generis Intellectual Property Right Susan Corbett 7. Alternative Products as a Factor in Determining the Functionality of Trade Marks – How the Criteria from the US Functionality Doctrine could be Applied in EU law? Lavinia Brancusi 8. Protecting Traditional Knowledge in Australia: What Can we Learn from India and Peru? Evana Wright 9. Geographical Indications in Nepal: In Search of Identity Pratyush Nath Upreti Part III: The Pluralsitic Functions of Copyright 10. Copyright as a Service – a Perspective on the Axiological Nature of the Copyright System Ewa Laskowska- Litak and Grzegorz Mania 11. Copyrightability of Remixes and Creation of a Remix Right Yahong Li 12. Copyright Pluralism and Human Rights of Visually Impaired Persons Lida Ayoubi 13. A More Pluralistic Approach to Copyright Protection after the Marrakesh Treaty Karolina Sztobryn 14. ‘Copyright is an Engine of Free Expression’ or ‘Free Expression is an Engine of Copyright’? Chongnang Wiputhanupong Part IV- Rigidity and Flexibility of Patent Law 15. Permanent Injunctions in Patent Law – In Search of Flexibility Rafal Sikorski 16. Utility model protection in Europe – an alternative for a patent or an anachronism? Marcin Balicki 17. University Inventions in Europe: A Special Focus On The Model Of Institutional Ownership Luz Sánchez García 18. Making of Patent Law at the Digital Frontier – Patents at the age of 3D printing Nari Lee Index

‘The question addressed in this book - whether taking a pluralist approach in intellectual property is “functional“ in the sense that it yields better results than full and binding harmonisation - touches on one of the most central issues that policymakers, and also scholars, around the world face. As the book impressively demonstrates, the answers are as many as the issues addressed in the chapters, and as individual as the authors, who, as members of ATRIP, represent the intellectual richness and diversity of the global community of intellectual property scholars. However, as, Susy Frankel writes in her introduction, pluralism may remain the preferred choice where that is motivated by economic and cultural diversities, and also where room is needed to “experiment” with new solutions. In any case, the many viewpoints presented in this book provide valuable insights into the dynamic, continuous interaction between international norms and national solutions, and their common evolvement.’