1 Introduction Structure of the Book 2 The Necessary Breach Analysis and But For Causation Why But For Causation? The Balance of Probabilities Aggregation Specific Concept of Cause Counterfactual to Factual Current Perspectives on But For Causation 3 Basic Principles Basic Causal Principles ‘Operative’: the Second Stage of the NBA The Significance of a Risk Which Has Actually Eventuated 4 Duplicative Causation (Real and Potential): Overdetermination and Pre-emption Factual Basis Overdetermination (Real Duplicative Causation) What Constitutes an Overdetermined Event? Double Omissions Combination of Tortious and Non-Tortious Factors Pre-emption Moral Luck 5 Material Contribution to Injury Factual Basis Medical Negligence The ‘Doubling of the Risk’ Test 6 Material Increase in Risk Factual Basis The Necessary Breach Analysis and Evidentiary Gaps Single Agent 7 Lost Chances Factual Basis Type 1 Cases Explained Type 2 Cases Explained How Far Does Hypothetical Third Party Action Take Us? 8 Concluding

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