More than forty years have passed since Congress, in response to the Civil Rights Movement, enacted sweeping antidiscrimination laws in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. As a signal achievement of that legacy, in 2008, Americans elected their first African American president. Some would a

Preface ix Chapter One: Segregation and Social Inequality 1 Chapter Two: Racial Segregation and Material Inequality in the United States 23 Chapter Three: Segregation, Racial Stigma, and Discrimination 44 Chapter Four: Racial Segregation Today: A Normative Assessment 67 Chapter Five: Democratic Ideals and Segregation 89 Chapter Six: The Imperative of Integration 112 Chapter Seven: Understanding Affirmative Action 135 Chapter Eight: The Folly and Incoherence of Color Blindness 155 Chapter Nine: The Ordeal and Promise of Integration 180 Notes 193 Index 239

"This book is beautifully and clearly argued at the highest philosophical level and, at the same time, attentive to social and historical realities. It offers a compelling vision of an ideal of integration that has largely been lost to view. Whether or not you agree with her, Elizabeth Anderson has staked out a position that all serious thinking about American race relations must now contend with."—Kwame Anthony Appiah, author of The Ethics of Identity

"The Imperative of Integration accomplishes two important things: It demonstrates—using rigorous social scientific analysis—that racial segregation is the root cause of the continuing social disadvantage of African Americans. And it argues persuasively—using subtle philosophical reasoning—that in light of American history, a concerted effort to integrate our schools, neighborhoods, and workplaces is the only path forward consistent with a commitment to social justice. Serious students of contemporary American society will want to read this book."—Glenn Loury, Brown University

"In The Imperative of Integration, Elizabeth Anderson expertly blends social science research, moral philosophy, and political theory to make a lucid, compelling, and impassioned case for the desegregation of American society. Decades after the passage of landmark civil rights legislation, American neighborhoods and schools remain highly segregated by race. This clear moral statement of the urgent need for integration is long overdue and should be read carefully by all Americans."—Douglas S. Massey, coauthor of American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass

"The Imperative of Integration is an unusually rich, multidimensional, and multileveled book that raises the bar dramatically for any future work on racial justice. Scholars in a wide range of fields will profit from this book's lucid narrative and argument, as well as its impressive interdisciplinary scope."—Charles W. Mills, Northwestern University

"There is no other comprehensive defense of racial integration remotely like this one in terms of scope, erudition, clarity, and moral sophistication. The discussions of discrimination, stereotyping, and stigma are the best I have seen anywhere, and the book pulls data from an amazing range of social science disciplines—political science, sociology, social psychology, and economics. This book is truly exceptional."—Lawrence Blum, University of Massachusetts, Boston