This timely book brings together expert scholarly contributions based on individual and institutional experiences of gender inequality in Europe and the USA. This book will also be vital for researchers and students of entrepreneurship as the need for a firm interrogation of the causes and consequences of gender inequality in business grows.

Contents: Foreword by Sally Hardy xvii 1 Introduction: pipeline break 1 Henry Etzkowitz, Helen Lawton Smith, Colette Henry and Alexandra Poulovassilis PART I GENDER CULTURES AND INSTITUTIONS 2 Being an early career academic: is there space for gender equality in the neoliberal university? 16 Viviana Meschitti 3 Becoming a professor requires saying ‘No’: merging equality and quality agendas in a Norwegian gender balance project 35 Rebecca Lund 4 The National Science Foundation’s ADVANCE programme: issues for senior compared to junior academic women scientists 58 Sue Rosser 5 Using the embedded case study approach to analyse the leaky pipeline phenomenon in academic careers 82 Silvia Cervia 6 Feminization of the medical profession 106 Rita Biancheri 7 Resistance to women in academic medicine 128 Laurel D. Edmunds PART II NETWORKING, MENTORING AND SUPPORT 8 Networking, gender and academia: an ecosystems approach 146 Colette Henry, Helen Lawton Smith, Viviana Meschitti, Lene Foss and Pauric McGowan 9 Academic support for female entrepreneurs: the positive lasting effects of learning networks 168 Aisling O’Neill and Bill O’Gorman 10 Gender perspective in mentoring relationships: a case study of GENOVATE@UNINA 189 Ilenia Picardi and Maria Carmela Agodi 11 Gender and international collaborations in science and technology community building and policy agenda setting: an integrated analytical approach 215 Connie L. McNeely and Katie Seely-Gant PART III ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION, COMMERCIALIZATION 12 Gender differences in the commercialisation of research: a study in UK universities 242 Helen Lawton Smith, Viviana Meschitti, Jeanne Le Roux, Mark Panton, Ning Baines, Alexandra Poulovassilis and Colette Henry 13 Unfolding the factors affecting female scientists’ intentions in spin- off creation: a Central European case study 261 S.ndor Huszár, Szabolcs Prónay and Norbert Buzàs 14 Gender diversity in R&D teams and its impact on firm openness 282 Lisa Messina, Gary Chapman and Nola Hewitt-Dundas 15 The entrepreneurial intention in female university students: an Italian case 305 Alessandra Micozzi and Francesca Micozzi 16 Gender, race and entrepreneurship in the United States 328 Cheryl B. Leggon 17 Trends and determinants of women in patenting in the United States 348 Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen and Peter Rogerson 18 AUTM Women Inventors Committee: working to close the gender gap in university patenting 361 Kathleen Sohar, Forough Ghahramani, Jennifer Gottwald, Linda Kawano and Jennifer Shockro 19 Gender equity and equality: resistance and advance in academic science and innovation 380 Henry Etzkowitz, Carol Kemelgor and Leila Maria Kehl Index 405

'A comprehensive collection of articles on women scientists in academia at various stages of careers in science and on women in medicine and innovation, interrogating structures and gender equality programs, this book provides a rich insight and a thorough update on the current situation of women in science.' --Namrata Gupta, IIT Kanpur Campus, India'This book turns a timely spotlight on gender imbalances and the stalled gender revolution in the academic science field, including technical entrepreneurship. Comprehensive case exemplars and strategic insights make it a must-read not only for researchers with interest in the field, but also for all those seeking inspiration on how to advance gender equality in the sciences and academia.' --Anne de Bruin, Massey University, New Zealand'This collection is a compelling read for those interested in the state of gender relations in the science and innovation domains. Its critical feminist stance challenges the reader to reflect on the nature and causes of gender inequality and, more importantly, the cultural shift required to address these imbalances.' --Maura McAdam, DCU Business School, Republic of Ireland