1. Drawing the line: The generalizability and limitations of research in applied linguistics (by Chalhoub-Deville, Micheline); 2. I. Perspectives on inference and generalizability in applied linguistics; 3. 1. Old and new thoughts on test score variability: Implications for reliability and validity (by Deville, Craig); 4. 2. Validity and values: Inferences and generalizability in language testing (by MacNamara, Tim); 5. 3. L2 vocabulary acquisition theory: The role of inference, dependability and generalizability in assessment (by Chapelle, Carol A.); 6. 4. Beyond generalizability: Contextualization, complexity, and credibility in applied linguistics research (by Duff, Patricia A.); 7. 5. Verbal protocols: What does it mean for research to use speaking as a data collection tool? (by Swain, Merrill); 8. 6. Functional grammar: On the value and limitations of dependability, inference, and generalizability (by Larsen-Freeman, Diane); 9. 7. A conversation analytic perspective on the role of quantification and generalizability in second language acquisition (by Markee, Numa); 10. II. Discussion; 11. 8. Generalizability: A journey into the nature of empirical research in applied linguistics (by Bachman, Lyle F.); 12. 9. Generalizability: What are we generalizing anyway? (by Gass, Susan M.); 13. 10. Negotiating methodological rich points in applied linguistics research: An ethnographer's view (by Hornberger, Nancy H.); 14. Index