Since the brutal massacre perpetrated by Hamas on 7 October and the subsequent bombing and invasion of Gaza, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been thrust back to the centre of the world’s attention.  How can this deep-rooted conflict, stretching back for more than 75 years, be brought to an end?  What kind of political structure might one day enable Israelis and Palestinians to overcome the seemingly interminable cycle of violence and live in peace with one another?   For many years, politicians and citizens of different persuasions have called for a two-state solution – two independent states, Israel and Palestine, co-existing side by side.  This was Shlomo Sand’s view too: a distinguished Israeli historian and political activist on the left, he had long supported the idea of a two-state solution.   But as more and more settlements were built in the occupied West Bank and millions of Palestinians were forced to live in a situation of de facto apartheid, deprived of their basic civil rights and political freedoms, he came to the conclusion that the two-state solution had become an empty formula that no one seriously intended to implement.  It was in this context that Sand sought to find an alternative way out of the Israeli-Palestinian imbroglio.  His journey into the dark corners of Zionism’s ideological past threw up some surprises.  He discovered that some Zionists and other Jewish intellectuals had rejected the idea of an exclusive Jewish state and had supported moves to create a bi-national federation.  They believed that only egalitarian integration within the framework of a common state would ensure that Israel could be a safe haven for all of its inhabitants. While the chances of realizing this egalitarian vision may seem remote in the current hostile context, it may well be that a bi-national state in which Israelis and Palestinians are treated as equals is the only realistic solution in the end.