Biographical note

Virpi Mäkinen is Senior Lecturer in Theological and Social Ethics at the University of Helsinki, Finland. She is a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Currently she also leads the research project At the Frontiers of Humanity: Extreme Necessity in the History of Ethics, Law and Politics, 300–1600”  (financed by the Research Council of Finland). In her research, she moves within medieval and early modern history of moral philosophy and political thought, as well as legal history, and theology. Among her main publications are Property Rights in the Late Medieval Discussion on Franciscan Poverty (Peeters 2001); Rights at the Margins: Historical, Philosophical and Legal Perspectives, co-ed. with Jonathan Robinson, Pamela Slotte & Heikki Haara (Brill 2020); Transformations in Medieval and Early Modern Rights Discourse, co-ed. with Petter Korkman (Springer 2005) and Lutheran Reformation and the Law (ed. Brill 2006).

Simo Knuuttila was Professor in Philosophy of Religion at the University of Helsinki. He was a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. He had acted as a Director of two Centre of Excellence, History of Mind Unit and Philosophical Psychology, Morality and Politics Unit (financed by the Research Council of Finland). His scholarly contribution to the fields of theology and philosophy covers the wide range of topics from ancient to modern period. Among his main publications are Modalities in Medieval Philosophy (Routledge, 1st ed. 1993; 2nd ed. 2010); Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Clarendon Press 2004) and Sourcebook for the History of the Philosophy of Mind: Philosophical Psychology from Plato to Kant, co-ed. with Juha Sihvola (Springer 2014).