Is liberal democracy a universal ideal? Proponents of 'Asian values' argue that it is a distinctive product of the Western experience and that Western powers shouldn't try to push human rights and democracy onto Asian states. This book attempts to chart a middle ground between the extremes of the international debate on human rights and democracy.

Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION 3 PART I THE EAST ASIAN CHALLENGE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY. REFLECTIONS ON EAST-WEST DIALOGUES 21 CHAPTER 1 TOWARD A TRULY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME 23 1. Trade-offs 35 1.1. Rights vs. Development: A Zero-Sum Game? 35 1.2. The Need for Specificity 37 2. An Asian Voice on Human Rights? 49 2.1. Human Rights: A Western Invention? 49 2.2. Increasing Commitment to Human Rights in East Asia: Strategic Considerations 55 2.2.1. On the Prospects of Exporting American Ideals to East Asia 56 2.2.2. Appealing to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Asia 63 2.2.3. Local justifications for Human Rights 68 3. A Different Moral Standpoint? 82 3.1. Cultural Respect vs. Liberal Neutrality 84 3.2. Justifiable Constraints on Western-Style Rights 87 3.3. New "Asian" Rights: Expanding the Set of Internationally Recognized Rights 95 Summary 103 CHAPTER 2 DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS: ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE 106 1. Trade-off Issues 110 1.1. On the Possibility of Decent Nondemocratic Regimes 110 1.2. The Costs of Democratization 116 2. Democratic Rights: Different justifications 130 2.1. Limiting the Power of the State 130 2.2. Democracy as a Means for Nation-Building 137 2.3. Identifying the Agents of Democratization 142 2.4. Nation-Building and Social Consensus in Confucian Democracies 149 3. Democratic Rights: Different Constraints 158 3.1 Democracy vs. Civil Rights 158 3.2 Democracy vs. Social and Economic Rights 16 3.3 Democracy vs. Future Generations 16 Summary 170 PART II THE PROS AND CONS OF DEMOCRACY IN SINGAPORE: A FICTITIOUS DIALOGUE WITH LEE KUAN YEW 173 CHAPTER 3 IS LIBERAL DEMOCRACY SUITABLE FOR SINGAPORE? 175 1. Democracy Defined as Free and Fair Competitive Elections 176 2. Democracy justified (Only) by Its Consequences 185 3. Democracy and Security 201 4. Democracy and Civil Liberties 213 5. Democracy and Prosperity 219 Summary 232 CHAPTER 4 A COMMUNITARIAN CRITIQUE OF AUTHORITARIANISM: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE 233 1. Community and Democracy 233 2. Democracy and the Family 236 3. Democracy and the Nation 239 3.1. Singapore: A Patriotic Nation? 239 3.2. How Authoritarianism Undermines Patriotism 241 3.3. On the Need for Patriotism in Singapore 253 Summary 271 PART III DEMOCRACY WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS 277 CHAPTER 5 A POLITICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA 279 1. Constraining Democratic Populism 281 1.1. On the Need for Capable and Far-Sighted Rulers in Modern Societies 281 1.2. A Confucian Tradition of Respect for a Ruling Intellectual Elite 286 2. Alternative Proposals 289 2.1. Plural Voting Schemes 292 2.2. A Corporatist Assembly 294 2.3. A Parliament of Scholar-Officials 299 3. The Proposal 307 3.1. Selection Procedures 307 3.2. The Problem of Cormption 318 3.3. The Question of Universalizability 323 3.4. The Problem of Gridlock 328 3.5. Implementation of the Proposal 332 Closing Scene 335 Select Bibliography 337 Index 353

"Bell has produced a tour de force of great depth ...[A] solid philosophical work, respectful but tough minded, that illuminates East Asian political perspectives and forces Americans to reexamine their own assumptions."--Lucian W. Pye, Foreign Affairs "Daniel Bell has produced a book that is as creative and intriguing as it is scholarly and substantial. He has created three dramatic, engaging, philosophically penetrating dialogues illuminating the 'Asian Values' debate... These dialogues are accessible and even entertaining, but they are also thoroughly researched and tightly argued."--Steven Wrage, Millenium "Bell's East Asian interlocutors express some of the bewilderment felt by the recipients of America's moral advice, and the offer a robust critique... American advocates of human rights tend to argue from principle: East Asians from how things currently are on the ground."--Alex de Waal, London Review of Books "Bell criticizes 'West-centric perspectives,' which assume that every society aspires to the ideal of becoming a Western-style liberal democracy. [This is an] extremely rich new book."--Jerry Burke, Philosophy East & West

"Daniel Bell gets to the hard philosophical and empirical questions that hide behind the often corrupt political rhetoric about cultural difference and human rights. This fine book explores the major issues about the universality of human rights and democracy with great sensitivity, nuance, and rigor. It is full of new and interesting insights, ideas, and arguments."—Charles Taylor"Daniel Bell is one of the few political theorists who is able to write dialogue, actually to conduct a philosophical conversation on the printed page. In this book, this difficult genre is used in an exemplary way to teach us about the political engagement of Western liberalism and 'Asian values'-and also about the possible meaning of human rights in a global setting."—Michael Walzer"Unlike some Western critics who easily satisfy themselves by launching polemical criticisms of human rights violations and authoritarianism in Asia, Daniel Bell insists on giving a fair hearing to different political and philosophical voices from that region. The result of this is that he is able to develop powerful criticisms of Asian authoritarianism with careful philosophical and empirical support, and to construct alternative proposals of political institutions that may have appeal to people in the region."—Joseph Chan, University of Hong Kong

Daniel Bell gets to the hard philosophical and empirical questions that hide behind the often corrupt political rhetoric about cultural difference and human rights. This fine book explores the major issues about the universality of human rights and democracy with great sensitivity, nuance, and rigor. It is full of new and interesting insights, ideas, and arguments. -- Charles Taylor Daniel Bell is one of the few political theorists who is able to write dialogue, actually to conduct a philosophical conversation on the printed page. In this book, this difficult genre is used in an exemplary way to teach us about the political engagement of Western liberalism and 'Asian values'-and also about the possible meaning of human rights in a global setting. -- Michael Walzer Unlike some Western critics who easily satisfy themselves by launching polemical criticisms of human rights violations and authoritarianism in Asia, Daniel Bell insists on giving a fair hearing to different political and philosophical voices from that region. The result of this is that he is able to develop powerful criticisms of Asian authoritarianism with careful philosophical and empirical support, and to construct alternative proposals of political institutions that may have appeal to people in the region. -- Joseph Chan, University of Hong Kong