Introduction Larry May; Part I. Historical Background: 1. Just War tradition in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages John Mark Mattox; 2. Grotius and the early modern tradition Johan Olsthoorn; Part II. Initiating a Just War: 3. State defense Yitzhak Benbaji; 4. Just cause Uwe Steinhoff; 5. The condition of last resort Suzanne Uniacke; 6. The moral problems of asymmetric war Steve Lee; Part III. Conducting a Just War: 7. Individual self-defense in war Lionel McPherson; 8. Distinction and civilian immunity Shannon French; 9. Proportionality and necessity in Bello Jovanna Davidovic; 10. Weighing civilian lives: domestic versus foreign Saba Bazargan-Forward; 11. Drone warfare and the principle of discrimination Eric Joseph Ritter; Part IV. Just War and International Legal Theory: 12. Jus ad Bellum Larry May; 13. The basic structure of Jus in Bello Jens David Ohlin; 14. Necessity and proportionality in international law Adil Haque; 15. Humanitarianism: neutrality, impartiality, and humanity Elizabeth Lanphier; 16. The challenge to the laws of war by Islamic Jihad Shannon Fyfe; Afterword Henry Shue.