Part I: WRITING. 1. Writing and Reading Rhetorically. Understanding the Rhetorical Situation. Applying Rhetorical Knowledge. Academic Writing. Genres and Formats of Academic Writing. 2. Planning and Drafting Essays. Stages of the Writing Process. Focusing a Topic into a Clearly Stated Thesis. Creating an Outline. 3. Developing Paragraphs. Stating the Main Idea. Developing the Main Point. Employing Methods for Developing Paragraphs. Making Paragraphs Coherent. 4. Revising and Editing Essays. Revising for Unity and Coherence. Editing and Proofreading. Sample Final Draft. 5. Critical Reading and Analysis. Critical Reading. Critical Analysis. 6. Writing Arguments. Determining the Purpose of Your Argument. Considering Differing Viewpoints. Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion. Taking a Position or Making a Claim. Providing Evidence for an Effective Argument. Using the Rhetorical Appeals to Ground Your Argument. Arranging an Effective Argument. Sample Argument. 7. Designing Documents. Elements of Design. Using Graphics. Using Pictures. Using Maps. Using Cartoons. Part II: RESEARCH. 8. Planning Research. Research as Inquiry. Finding Your Own Research Question. Testing Your Research Question. Creating a Research Plan. 9. Finding Sources in Print, Online, and in the Field. Deciding Which Sources to Use. Searching Electronically for Print and Online Sources. Keeping Track of Your Sources. Doing Field Research. 10. Evaluating Print and Online Sources. Credibility of Authors. Credibility of Publishers. Online Sources. Reading Closely and Critically. 11. Using Sources Critically and Responsibly. Taking and Organizing Notes. Creating a Working Annotated Bibliography. Acknowledging Your Sources. Using Direct Quotations. Paraphrasing Another Person's Ideas. Summarizing an Idea. Analyzing and Responding to Sources. Synthesizing Sources. Critical Thinking. 12. Avoiding Plagiarism. Knowing Which Sources Require Acknowledgment. Citing Quotations and Ideas from Sources. Part III: DOCUMENTATION. 13. MLA Documentation. MLA-Style In-Text Citations. MLA List of Works Cited. Sample MLA-Style Paper. 14. APA Documentation. APA-Style In-Text Citations. APA-Style Reference List. Sample APA-Style Paper. 15. CMS Documentation. CMS Note and Bibliographic Forms. Sample CMS-Style Paper. 16. CSE Documentation. CSE Citation-Sequence, Name-Year, and Citation-Name Systems. Sample CSE-Style Paper. Part IV: GRAMMAR. 17. Sentence Essentials. Parts of Speech. Subjects and Predicates. Complements. Phrases. Clauses. 18. Sentence Fragments. Recognizing Sentence Fragments. Phrases as Sentence Fragments. Dependent Clauses as Sentence Fragments. 19. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences. Locating Comma Splices and Fused Sentences. Revising Comma Splices and Fused Sentences. Divided Quotations. 20. Verbs. Verb Forms. Verb Tenses. Verb Tense Consistency. Voice. Mood. Subject-Verb Agreement. 21. Pronouns. Recognizing Pronouns. Pronoun Case. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement. Clear Pronoun Reference. Pronoun Consistency. Use of First-Person and Second-Person Pronouns. 22. Modifiers. Recognizing Modifiers. Comparatives and Superlatives. Double Negatives. Placement of Modifiers. Dangling Modifiers. Part V: EFFECTIVE SENTENCES. 23. Sentence Unity. Choosing and Arranging Details. Revising Mixed Metaphors. Revising Mixed Constructions. Relating Sentence Parts. Including Necessary Words. Completing Comparisons. Completing Intensifiers. 24. Subordination and Coordination. Using Subordination Effectively. Using Coordination Effectively. Avoiding Faulty or Excessive Subordination and Coordination. 25. Parallelism. Recognizing Parallel Elements. Repeating Words and Grammatical Forms. Linking Two or More Sentences. Using Correlative Conjunctions. 26. Emphasis. Placing Words for Emphasis. Using Cumulative and Periodic Sentences. Ordering Ideas from Least to Most Important. Repeating Important Words. Inve