1. Defining modern Chinese culture Kam Louie; 2. Social and political developments: the making of the twentieth-century Chinese state Peter Zarrow; 3. Historical consciousness and national identity Prasenjit Duara; 4. Gender in modern Chinese culture Harriet Evans; 5. Ethnicity and Chinese identity: ethnographic insight and political positioning William Jankowiak; 6. Flag, flame and embers: diaspora cultures Wang Gungwu; 7. Modernizing Confucianism and 'new Confucianism' Tan Sor-hoon; 8. Socialism in China: a historical overview Arif Dirlik; 9. Chinese religious traditions from 1900–2005: an overview Daniel Overmeyer; 10. Languages in a modernizing China Chen Ping; 11. The revolutionary tradition in modern Chinese literature Charles Laughlin; 12. The involutionary tradition in modern Chinese literature Michel Hockx; 13. Music and performing arts: tradition, reform and political and social relevance Colin Mackerras; 14. Revolutions in vision: Chinese art and the experience of modernity David Clarke; 15. Cinema: from foreign import to global brand Chris Berry; 16. Media boom and cyber culture: television and the internet in China Liu Kang; 17. Physical culture, sports and the Olympics Susan Brownell; Glossary of Chinese characters; Index.