This book offers a critical and reflective discussion of contemporary challenges for education relating to sustainability and post-factual truths in light of the concepts of knowledge and Bildung. The book uses the concepts of knowledge and Bildung as keys to grasp what education is, and how the different educational traditions can complement a better understanding of challenges to education. Knowledge is taken as the core of the Anglo-American and French educational traditions, and Bildung is key for German and Nordic Didaktik traditions. The book presents comparative analytical work from international scholars who discuss Bildung aims in the light of sustainability, and knowledge in light of the ‘post-factual’ era. Building on the 2021 book Didaktik and Curriculum in Ongoing Dialogue, the book will be highly relevant for researchers, scholars and postgraduate students in the fields of educational theory, pedagogy, curriculum studies and comparative education.